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(@ @  0*D?  ףp= ? fa֤? ^K=?g,{"?g,{"?g,{"?g,{"?iUMu>}r4?iUMu>-C6?70p?70p?70p?70p?iUMu>}r4?iUMu>-C6?RT:?RT:?RT:?RT:?Q@Q^8@@@Q?ףp= ?Q??Q@Q^8@@@Table_EC`CsAP@+sA]@@3vxU>ċ4>3vxU> ߈/> ߈/>* |;>* |;>Ӌ5>kNu>kNu>4 ;?肸zg>4 ;?k~>k~>$z>ċ4>$z>_LU?1]a?_LU? (@ @  N@aÓ? N@aÓ?  l(1,> l(1,>  IӠh? IӠh?Gy>Gy>M#3>!>@>!>@>(A$:?(A$:?a2U0*S?a2U0*S?%&?%&? @@ףp= ?Table_C !  ݛ  XXn->8($hx < `Exj 2 n (#(#       (#(# +iX.X=X+**FINAL**   #XXi6#Y XXDecember1995#XX Y#iXX ,  #XXik#Y XXU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency (x PilotProgramforEmissionsInventoryUndertheCleanAirActSections112(c),112(k)and112(m)#XX Y# * & &XXSubmittedby:    h     Submittedto: #XX &&#& &XX/&&X.X=X &&/+& &X.X=X&&+ <  GreatLakesCommission   h     U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency#XX &&U#& &XX/&&X.X=X &&/+& &X.X=X&&+ !d 400FourthStreet    h     Region5#XX &&q#& &XX/&&X.X=X &&/+& &X.X=X&&+ !0 AnnArbor,MI481034816   h     77WestJacksonBlvd.#XX &&w#& &XX/&&X.X=X &&/+& &X.X=X&&+ "    `     h     Chicago,IL60604#XX &&#& &XX/&&X.X=X &&/+& &X.X=X&&+ x#     ` Onbehalfof:  %,!    ` IllinoisEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,DivisionofAirPollutionControl   ` IndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofAirManagement   ` WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources,BureauofAirManagement/&&X.X=X &&/+& &X.X=X&&+#XX &&#& &XXm9)%`|0Z'  ` JE I,   +. nm   (#(#                     (#(#  #XX && ##XXXXܼ # X!XXX  X X!  v# X!X  ##XXX X!Ʌ #+XXX.X=XXX+QXX#XXQA #5XXPrintedonrecycledpaper#XX5 #& &XX  x/*)  HHh#&& && ##XX&& #  XX i7XXdXXd7A4p) xd EPATableofContents#i# #XX# H  TABLEOFCONTENTS $ $L$.  ii  L   LISTOFTABLES##L$.  iv  $   LISTOFFIGURES,$,$M$.d d v     ACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONS##K$.$vii     PREFACE##L$.XXix  d   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS0$0$M$.` ` x < EXECUTIVESUMMARY##K$. xii \ 1.INTRODUCTION,$,$M$.  1 4    SouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudy,$,$M$.21     Products,$,$M$. 1     Definitions,$,$M$.l l 2   2.OBJECTIVES,$,$M$. 4     UrbanAreaSourceEmissionsEstimationGoalUndertheCleanAirAct,$,$M$.ddR4 t   1986GreatLakesGovernorsToxicSubstancesControlAgreement  andCAASection112(m),$,$M$.%6 L   TargetCompounds,$,$M$. 7 8  3.METHODOLOGY##L$.\ \ 10 X     AirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStates##L$.Q10 D!    DevelopingandTestingClient/ServerEmissionsEstimationandInventory  Software:RAPIDS##L$. 13 #"   CollectingandCompilingDatafromThreeStates##L$.ll>13 $ #   CoordinationMethods##L$.#14 $!$  4.RESULTS##L$.p p 16  &#&   UrbanAreaSourceEmissionsEstimationGoalUnderthe1990CAA##L$.xxM16 'p$'   OverviewoftheRAPIDSSystem##L$.xx,19 (\%(  5.CONCLUSIONSd#d#K$. 10]]4 |*4'*    ImplicationsfortheProtocold#d#K$.,10]]4 h+ (+   ImplicationsforRAPIDSd#d#K$.&106 T, ),   ImplicationsforFIREd#d#K$. $108 @-)-   ImplicationsfortheFullEightStateRegionalInventoryandNextStepsd#d#K$.PPV110 ,.*.  /+/ XX  iTabl#id##XX6#XXieofContents H #XXi#(continued)iXX h #i# #XX[#U 6.APPENDICESd#d#K$. 111  T    AppendixA:IllinoisToxicEmissionsInventoryd#d#K$.>112 @     ` Backgroundd#d#K$.0 0 112 ,     ` DataSourcesd#d#K$. 112       ` CalculationMethodsd#d#K$.'115      ` Resultsd#d#K$. 127     AppendixB:IndianaToxicEmissionsInventoryd#d#K$.,,=228      ` Backgroundd#d#K$.0 0 228      ` DataSourcesd#d#K$. 228 l     ` CalculationMethodsd#d#K$.'229 X    ` Resultsd#d#K$. 231 D   AppendixC:WisconsinToxicEmissionsInventoryd#d#K$.?234 x0    ` Backgroundd#d#K$.0 0 234 d    ` DataSourcesd#d#K$. 234 P    ` CalculationMethodsd#d#K$.'235 <    ` Resultsd#d#K$. 26]]7 (   AppendixD: IndexofSICCodesd#d#K$.+279    AppendixE: CarcinogenicityRatingsforTargetCompoundsIncludedinthe     `  RegionalToxicAirEmissionsInventoryBasedontheU.S.EPAs   `  IntegratedRiskInformationSystem(IRIS)Database(September1995)d#d#K$.!!\29]]4    AppendixF: GreatLakesCommissionRegionalEmissionInventoryofToxicAir |    `  ContaminantsSteeringCommitteed#d#K$.dd829]]6 h   AppendixG: SouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudySubcommitteed#d#K$.,,I298 T   AppendixH: SouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudyQualityAssurance/ @    `  QualityControlCommitteed#d#K$.442299 t,   AppendixI: SouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudyInternetMailingList:  (#  `     `  Airtoxics@greatlakes.netd#d#K$.230]]0  L!  A4p) xdEPA  XXiListofTables#XXi['#  H L'#XXXXz'#XXXXTable21:0 ` ListofTargetCompoundsfortheRegionalToxicAirEmissionsInventory#,$,$M$. [` $` $#8XXXXԈ L  Table31:0 ` PersonnelResponsibleforPilotInventoryCompilation3 ` $` $    ` andQualityAssurance/QualityControl#XXXX(###L$.pp914   Table41:0 ` RegionalSummaryofPollutantEmissions,byStateandRegion,forallInventoried    SourcesintheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotProjectStudyArea,1993###L$.Y` $` $#2]]8   Table42:0 ` RegionalToxicAirEmissionsbyInventoriedSourcefortheSouthwest ` $` $ H  H݀+0        ` LakeMichiganPilotProjectStudyArea,1993###L$.@$$#29H݀++݌ n  Ќ  TableA1: ` SummaryofIllinoisEmissionsd#d#K$.1129 U  H  H,0     TableA2: ` CookCountyIL,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year#d#d#K$.O$$#131H,,݌ <  Ќ  H  H-0     TableA3: ` DuPageCountyIL,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year#d#d#K$.Q$$#166H--݌ k# Ќ  H  H.0     TableA4: ` GrundyCountyIL,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year#d#d#K$.||Q$$#175H./݌ R  Ќ  H  H/0     TableA5: ` KaneCountyIL,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year#d#d#K$.O$$#177H/0݌ 9 Ќ  H  H00     TableA6: ` LakeCountyIL,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year#d#d#K$.O$$#186H0 1݌   Ќ  H  H10     TableA7: ` McHenryCountyIL,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year#d#d#K$.R$$#194H1 2݌  Ќ  H  H20     TableA8: ` WillCountyIL,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year#d#d#K$.llO$$#200H23݌  Ќ  H  H30     TableA9: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforNaturalGasCombustion#d#d#K$.M$$#220H34݌  Ќ  H  H40     TableA10: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforFuelOilCombustion#d#d#K$.J$$#220H45݌ t Ќ  H  H50     TableA11: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforCoalCombustion#d#d#K$.F$$#221H56݌ [ Ќ  H  H60     TableA12: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforInternalCombustion#d#d#K$.xxJ$$#221H67݌ B Ќ  H  H70     TableA13: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforByProductCokeManufacturing#d#d#K$.XXT$$#222H78݌ q) Ќ  H  H80     TableA14: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforCopperSmelting#d#d#K$.\\F$$#222H89݌ X Ќ  H  H90     TableA15: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforIronProduction#d#d#K$.F$$#222H9:݌ ? Ќ  H  H:0     TableA16: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforSteelProduction#d#d#K$.LLG$$#223H:;݌ & Ќ  H  H;0     TableA17: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforLeadProduction#d#d#K$.LLF$$#223H; <݌   Ќ  H  H<0     TableA18: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforSecondaryCopper/Brass#d#d#K$.M$$#223H<=݌  Ќ  H  H=0     TableA19: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforGrayIronFoundries#d#d#K$.ppJ$$#223H=>݌  Ќ  H  H>0     TableA20: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforSecondaryLead#d#d#K$.  E$$#224H>?݌  z  Ќ  H  H?0     TableA21: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforLeadBatteryManufacture#d#d#K$.PPO$$#224H?@݌ !a! Ќ  H  H@0     TableA22: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforSteelFoundries#d#d#K$.F$$#224H@A݌ "H" Ќ  H  HA0     TableA23: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforSecondaryZinc#d#d#K$.E$$#224HAA݌ w#/ # Ќ  H  HB0     TableA24: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforAsphalticConcrete#d#d#K$.  I$$#225HBB݌ ^$!$ Ќ  H  HC0     TableA25: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforConcreteBatching#d#d#K$.H$$#226HCC݌ E%!% Ќ  H  HD0     TableA26: ` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforIncineration#d#d#K$.C$$#226HDD݌ ,&"& Ќ  H  HE0     TableB1: ` LakeCountyIN,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year#d#d#K$.N$$#232HEE݌ '#' Ќ  H  HF0     TableB2:0` $$PorterCountyIN,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year#d#d#K$.00Q` $` $#233HFF݌ '$( Ќ  H  HG0     TableC1: ` KenoshaCountyWI,EmissionsbySICforSources#d#d#K$.hhC$$#27]]0HGG݌ (%) Ќ  H  HH0     TableC2: ` MilwaukeeCountyWI,EmissionsbySICforSources#d#d#K$.((E$$#271HHH݌ )&* Ќ  H  HI0     TableC3: ` RacineCountyWI,EmissionsbySICforSources#d#d#K$.B$$#276HII݌ *g'+ Ќ  H  HJ0     TableC4: ` Summary:Kenosha,Milwaukee,andRacineCounty,WI,Totals#d#d#K$.XXN$$#278HJJ݌ +N(, Ќ  H  HK0     TableE1:0` $$CarcinogenicityRatingsforTargetCompoundsIncludedintheHKK݌},5)-` $` $ Ќ  H  HL0        ` RegionalToxicAirEmissionsInventoryBasedontheU.S.EPAsHLL݌ $$   H  HݻM0        ` IntegratedRiskInformationSystem(IRIS)Database#d#d#K$.F$$#294HݻMM݌ K.+/ Ќ  9(A4p) xdEPA  XX iListofFigures# i=O##XXO#  H  OFigure11: ` SouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudyArea,$,$M$.<1 L  Figure31:0 ` MajorStepsandCheckpointsintheRegionalInventoryDevelopmentEffortas 8  StipulatedintheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakes (#  @(#  @(#  $  States###L$.< < ` $` $#12    Figure41:0 ` HierarchyofPOMCompoundsintheTargetCompoundsList ` $` $    ` oftheRegionalAirToxicEmissionsInventory##L$.A17   Figure42:0 ` DesignoftheRAPIDSSystem###L$./` $` $#19   Figure43:0 ` SampleRAPIDSEmissionsEstimationScreen###L$.=` $` $#21 x  Figure44:0 ` RAPIDSDataFlow###L$.$` $` $#22 d  Figure45:0 ` ComparisonofFixedandFlexibleAttributeApproachestoDataStorage###L$.Y` $` $#23 P Figure46:0 ` Arsenic;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources<` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C7]]3 p( Figure47:0 ` Benz(a)anthracene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources\` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C7]]4 H Figure48:0 ` Benzo(a)pyrene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources4` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C7]]5   Figure49:0 ` Cadmium;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources ` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C7]]6  Figure410:0 ` CarbonTetrachloride;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C7]]7  Figure411:0 ` Chromium;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcest` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C7]]8 ` Figure412:0 ` ChromiumHexavalent;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcesL` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C79 8 Figure413:0 ` Chrysene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcesl$` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C8]]0 X  Figure414:0 ` Cobalt;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcesD! ` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C8]]1 0"! Figure415:0 ` Copper;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources#"` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C8]]2 $ # Figure416:0 ` 1,2Dichloroethane;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources$!$` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C8]]3 %"% Figure417:0 ` Ethylbenzene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources&#&` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C8]]4 'p$' Figure418:0 ` Fluoranthene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources(\%(` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C8]]5 )H&) Figure419:0 ` Lead;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources|*4'*` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C8]]6 h+ (+ Figure420:0 ` Manganese;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcesT, ),` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C8]]7 @-)-  /+/ XXXXiXX   ListofFigures H #XXic#(continued) #XXXXoc# h cFigure421:0 ` Mercury;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcesT ` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C8]]8 @  Figure422:0 ` MethyleneChloride;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources, ` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C89    Figure423:0 ` Naphthalene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources ` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C9]]0   Figure424:0 ` Nickel;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources ` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C9]]1   Figure425:0 ` Phenol;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcesl ` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C9]]2 X Figure426:0 ` PCB;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcesD` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C9]]3 x0 Figure427:0 ` PCDD;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcesd` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C9]]4 P Figure428:0 ` PCDF;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources<` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C9]]5 ( Figure429:0 ` PAH;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C9]]6  Figure430:0 ` POM;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C9]]7  Figure431:0 ` TCDD2,3,7,8;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources|` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C9]]8 h Figure432:0 ` TCDF2,3,7,8;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcesT` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993##L$.C99 @ Figure433:0 ` Tetrachloroethylene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcest,` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993d#d#K$.C10]]0 `  Figure434:0 ` Trichloroethene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcesL! ` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993d#d#K$.PPD10]]1 8"! Figure435:0 ` 1,1,1Trichloroethane;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources$#"` $` $    ` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993d#d#K$.C10]]2 $ # Figure51:0 ` SampleRAPIDSQCCheckerScreen#d#d#K$.3` $` $#10]]7 $!$ Figure52:0 ` SampleAIRSConversionScreen#d#d#K$.1` $` $#108  %"%   XXiA4p) xdEPAAcronymsandAbbreviations#iSt##XX4t#  H %tACFM `  ActualCubicFeetperMinute L  AIRS   `  AerometricInformationRetrievalSystem 8  AMS   `  AreaandMobileSource $  As   `  Arsenic    ASCII   `  AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange   BTU   `  BritishThermalUnit   CAA   `  CleanAirAct   CAERS `  ComputerizedAnnualEmissionReportingSystem,Illinois x  CARB   `  CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard d  Cd   `  Cadmium P Co   `  Cobalt < Cr   `  Chromium p( Cu   `  Copper \ EET   `  EmissionEstimatingTechniques H EIS   `  EmissionInventorySystem 4 ESP   `  ElectrostaticPrecipitator   FIRE   `  FactorInformationRetrievalSystem(Version3.0)   FESOP `  FederallyEnforceableStateOperatingPermit  GEMAP `  GeocodedEmissionsModelingandProjections  GLC   `  GreatLakesCommission  GLEI   `  GreatLakesEmissionsInventory t GLIN   `  GreatLakesInformationNetwork ` GLNPO `  GreatLakesNationalProgramOffice,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency L GLPF   `  GreatLakesProtectionFund 8 HAP   `  HazardousAirPollutant l$ Hg   `  Mercury X  HP   `  Horsepower D!  IDEM   `  IndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement 0"! IEPA   `  IllinoisEnvironmentalProtectionAgency #" IJC   `  InternationalJointCommission $ # IMS   `  InformationManagementSystem $!$ IPP   `  InventoryPreparationPlan %"% IRIS   `  IntegratedRiskInformationSystem,U.S.EPA &#& LAN   `  LocalAreaNetwork 'p$' MACT `  MaximumAchievableControlTechnology (\%( Mn   `  Manganese )H&) MSDS   `  MaterialSafetyDataSheet |*4'* NESHAP `  NationalEmissionsStandardsforHazardousAirPollutants h+ (+ Ni   `  Nickel T, ), NOx   `  NitrogenOxides @-)- ORCIS `  OzoneRegionalComputerInventorySystem,Illinois ,.*.  /+/ ЇXXXXiXX   AcronymsandAbbreviations H #XXiV#(continued)iXX  h #i7##XX#xPAH   `  PolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbon T  Pb   `  Lead @  PC   `  PersonalComputer ,  PCB   `  PolychlorinatedBiphenyls    PCDD   `  TotalPolychlorinatedDibenzodioxins   PCDF   `  TotalPolychlorinatedDibenzofurans   PERC   `  Perchloroethylene   PM   `  ParticulateMatter   POM   `  PolycyclicOrganicMatter l  POTW `  PubliclyOwnedTreatmentWorks p  X QA/QC `  QualityAssurance/QualityControl D RAPIDS `  RegionalAirPollutantInventoryDevelopmentSystem x0 SCC   `  SourceClassificationCode d SIC   `  StandardIndustrialClassification P SSD   `  SourceSummaryDatabase < STEPS `  StateEnvironmentalProgramsSystems ( SWLM `  SouthwestLakeMichigan  TANKS `  StorageTankEmissionsSoftware  TCDD   `  2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzopdioxin  TCDF   `  2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzofuran  TCE   `  Trichloroethylene | TPY   `  Tonsperyear h TRI   `  ToxicReleaseInventory T U.S.EPA `  UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency @ VOC   `  VolatileOrganicCompound t, VOM   `  VolatileOrganicMaterial `  WDNR `  WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources+XXX.X=XXX+& &XX  L!  #&& &&_##XX&&#h XXi  XA4p) xd _EPAPreface H R#XXi# S#XXXX4#TheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudyrepresentsauniquemilestoneinthecontinuingeffortto @ quantifyandmanagethetoxicairemissionswhichimpactthewatersoftheGreatLakesBasin.ThreeGreatLakesstates,Illinois,Indiana,andWisconsin,cooperatedincompilingthisemissionsinventoryaspartofaprogramtoquantifytoxicairemissionsfromsmallsourcesinmajorurbanareas.Thepilotstudyprovidedthefirstpracticaltestofprocesses,procedures,andsystemswhichthestateshavebeendevelopingoverthelastseveralyearstoensurethatthis,andsubsequent,regionwideinventories,areaccurateandconsistentfromonestatetoanother.ThegovernorsoftheeightGreatLakestatesestablishedtheframeworkforreachingthismilestonewhentheysignedtheToxicSubstancesControlAgreementin1986.ThisagreementrecognizedtheneedforcoordinatingregionalactiontoquantifyandcontroltoxicpollutantsenteringtheGreatLakessystem.Since1989,theGreatLakesstatesandtheProvinceofOntario,CanadahavebeenworkingtogetherthroughtheGreatLakesCommissiontodeveloparegionaldatabaseofairtoxicemissionsdataandestimates.TheU.S.EPAfundedthispilotstudytohelpmeettherequirementsofSections112(c)(6),112(k),and112(m)oftheCleanAirAct,asamendedin1990.Section112(k)requiresU.S.EPAtoidentify notlessthan30hazardousairpollutantswhich,asaresultofemissionsfromareasources,presentthegreatestthreattopublichealthinthelargestnumberofurbanareas.Thecategoriesofareasourcesthatcontribute90percentoftheemissionsofeachofthe30ormorehazardousairpollutantsmustthenberegulatedbyU.S.EPAbytheyear2000.U.S.EPAmustalsoestablishaNationalStrategywhichreducesthepublichealthrisksassociatedwithsuchsourcecategoriesbynotlessthan75percentintheincidenceofcancerattributabletoemissionsfromsuchsources.WhilewebelievetheairtoxicemissionestimatescontainedinthereportfortheChicago,Gary,andMilwaukeeurbanareasrepresentthebestsinglecompilationofsuchestimates,thepilotstudyhasalsoillustratedthelimitationswhichstillexistinmakingsuchestimates.Theresultsshouldthereforebeviewedasafirststepforusebypolicymakersandothersinvolvedinairqualitymanagement.Thesedatacansupportregulatorydecisionsifusedinconjunctionwithothersourcesofqualityassureddata.TheGreatLakesstates,alongwiththeGreatLakesCommission,arenowworkingtocompileaneightstateairtoxicinventoryusingtheexperienceofthepilotstudytoimprovetheirefforts.Thefulleightstateinventory,usingcalendaryear1993data,isexpectedtobecompletedinlatesummer,1996.Throughthiscontinuingeffort,themechanismhasbeenestablishedtocompileandmaintainaninventorywhichwillcontinuetoimproveinqualityuntilitwillsupportsoundregulatorydecisions..UUXUUXUU@$$.  ____________________.  BharatMathurChiefBureauofAirIllinoisEPA -`*/ _  ____________________FeliciaR.GeorgeAssistantCommissionerOfficeofAirManagementIndianaDEM -`*3   ____________________DonaldF.TheilerDirectorBureauofAirManagement WisconsinDNR -`*7 X h  ]X h  ]R͎.UUXUUXUU  .Q     A4p) xdEPAXX iAcknowledgments # i##XXߝ# H  TheSouthwestLakeMichiganUrbanAreasToxicAirEmissionsInventoryPilotStudyhasbeenachallengingendeavorforallinvolved.Asagroundbreakingefforttodeveloparegionalinventoryoftoxicairemissions,amultitudeofcomplexissueshadtoberesolvedtoensurethattheprioritiesofthestatesandfederalgovernmentwereadequatelyaddressed.ThisuniqueeffortwasdevelopedundertheleadershipofDaveKolaz,chairoftheSteeringCommitteefortheGreatLakesRegionalAirToxicsInventoryProject,andCarolRatza,projectmanager,GreatLakesCommission.Emissioninventoryspecialistsfromthepilotstudystates,aswellasstafffromtheotherGreatLakesstates,U.S.EPAandtheprovinceofOntarioworkedtogetherclosely,makingthestudyateameffort.Theprimarystaffinvolvedindevelopingthepilotstudy,andtheirroles,arelistedbelow.   XXXX& &XXSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudySubcommittee#&& &&@# #XX&&_#  .&&XXDaveKolaz `     h     BarryTitus ; IllinoisEnvironmentalProtectionAgency h   IndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement R  BuzzAsselmeier    h     OrlandoCabreraRivera  IllinoisEnvironmentalProtectionAgency#XX&& #&&XX h   WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources w GaryBaker#XX&&#&&XX `     h     JohnShenot#XX&&#&&XX ] #XX&&.#&&XXMichiganDepartmentofEnvironmentalQuality#XX&&#&&XX  WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources#XX&&# , &&XX   `     h CarolRatza#XX&&#&&XX   p      x       `     h GreatLakesCommission#XX&& #&&XX     x   (#  d   #XX&&#  XXXXSubcommitteeObserverAgencies#XXXXܩ#  ] &&XXChunYiWu `     h     PeterWong ! ! MinnesotaPollutionControlAgency h     OntarioMinistryofEnvironmentandEnergy  " #XX&&8#&&XXCathyTran `     h     Dr.SuzanneKing   x   (#  "Y$ MinnesotaPollutionControlAgency#XX&&q#&&XX h     U.S.EPARegion5#XX&&}#&&XX p#( % #XX&&#&&XX#XX&&K# 7XXXX    烎  TheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotInventorywascreatedby: 烎݌ %!' ЌXXX7X   BuzzAsselmeier,IllinoisEnvironmentalProtectionAgency %"( SusanBemandChrisHammack,IndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagementOrlandoCabreraRivera,JohnShenot,KeithWarnkeandRichardMoran,WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources XXXXRAPIDSSoftwareDevelopment:#XXXXį#  b*'- LeonardBruckmanetal,RadianCorporationThisreportwaswritten,compiledandreviewedbyalloftheaboveprojectparticipantswithadditionaleditorialandregionalreportcompilationsupportprovidedbyGreatLakesCommissionstaffmembersMikeConley,MattDossandCelesteWhiting. .+2   XXXX iXXDedication#XXi# H  #XXXXܓ#ThisreportisdedicatedtothememoryofTomLahre.AstheprimarycontacttothepilotstudyfromtheUrbanAreaSourcesProgramoftheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,TomworkedcloselywiththestatesubcommitteemembersandGreatLakesCommissionstaffupuntilhisdeathinSeptember1995.Hewasadedicatedprofessionalandagoodfriendtousall.Wemisshimandhopethatwehaveliveduptothehighprofessionalstandardsthathesetforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheworked.  8    XXiA4p) xdEPAExecutiveSummary#i##XXl#  H ]T nThepurposeoftheSouthwestLakeMichigan(SWLM)PilotStudywastoa)inventorysmallpointandareasourcesoftoxicairemissionsfromthecombinedurbanareasofChicago,GaryandMilwaukee(seeFigure11,page1);b)testtheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreat $  LakesStates;andc)designandtestanautomatedemissionsestimationanddatamanagementsystem    thatcouldbeusedinlateryearsindevelopinglarger,multistate,GreatLakesregionwideinventories.XXXX   #XXXX#Importantly,emissionsfrom majorsources,asdefinedbytheCleanAirAct,werenotinventoried   andestimatedandarethereforenotdocumentedintheregionalsummary.Consequently,theratioofareatomajorsourceemissionsinthestudyareaisnotavailableandthetablesandchartsprovidedhereinshouldnotbeconstruedtorepresentanestimateoftotalemissionsofthesubjecthazardousairpollutantsreleasedinthestudyarea.UnderthetermsoftheCleanAirAct(CAA),whichdefinesmajorsourcesintermsofquantity,thesourcesinventoriedintheSWLMstudyareaccuratelydescribedas areasources.TheSWLMstudybeganinOctober1993withprimaryfundingprovidedbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(U.S.EPA).ThestudybuiltuponfourpreviousyearsofeffortbytheGreatLakesstates,fundedbythestatesthemselvesthroughtheGreatLakesProtectionFund.XXXX   #XXXX#ThisreportisbutoneofsixproductsoftheSWLMstudy.Thecompleteproductpackageincludes:  0  Thisreport,titledTheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudy:DevelopinganInventoryof t ToxicAirEmissionsfromAreaSourcesintheChicago,MilwaukeeandGaryUrbanAreas,1993XXXX;L$$ #XXXX;#  RegionalAirPollutantInventoryDevelopmentSystem(RAPIDS)client/serversoftware;XXXX l$   #XXXX#TheSouthwestLakeMichiganUrbanAreaSourceInventoryXXXX; D!    #XXXX#AirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStatesXXXX; #" 0  #XXXXS#ImprovedGreatLakesstateairemissionsinventorysystemsforcriteriaandtoxicair $!$ pollutants;and $$ 0  DemonstrationofthecosteffectiveandtimeefficientuseoftheInternetasanaidtosolving 'p$' regionalenvironmentalproblemsand,introductionoftheconceptandsuccessfuldemonstrationofthefeasibilityofstatesusingclient/servertechnologyviatheInternettotransmitandexchangeenvironmentaldatawithotherstates,federalagenciesandindustryXXXX.|*4'*$$ #XXXX#ThethreestatesthatconductedtheSWLMstudy(Illinois,IndianaandWisconsin)believethattheair T, ), toxicemissionestimatescontainedinthisreport(andintheSouthwestLakeMichiganUrbanAreaSourceInventoryhousedbytheU.S.EPAGreatLakesNationalProgramOffice)fortheChicago,GaryandMilwaukeeurbanareasrepresentthebestsinglecompilationofsuchestimates.Thescopeof /+/ theprojectdidnotallowthestatestoundertakeamassivediscoveryeffort;instead,thestatesusedavailable1993calendaryearprocessdata,emissionfactorsandreportedinformation.TheSWLMstudyobjectivewastoenhanceXXXXԀcurrentinventorycapabilities,resolveproceduresandprotocolissues   acrossseveralstates,anddevelopandtestanautomatedemissionestimationandinventorysystem.Intheprocess,theurbanareasourceinventoryfortheSWLMstudyareawascompiled.Inbrief,thepilotstudyshouldbeviewedasaninitialefforttobridgethegapbetweenthescienceof  inventoryingtoxicairemissionsandthepublicpolicydebateconcerninghowtheseemissionsaffect  t humanhealthandtheenvironmentandhowtheyshouldbeaddressed.#XXXX#ԀFollowupbyU.S.EPAandthe  ` statesisnecessarytomakefurtherprogresstowardmeetingthegoalsofSection112oftheCAA.TheSWLMpilotstudystatesrecommendthatregulatorydecisionsnotbebasedonthisdataunlessmorecompellingresearchiscompletedoraccessedtowarrantsuchaction.XXXX l $  ThefollowingarethespecificsectionsoftheCAA,asamendedin1990,addressedbytheSWLMstudy:#XXXX# Section112(c)(6)SpecificPollutants: Eachofthe112(c)(6)pollutantswastargetedintheSWLM  smallpointandareasourceemissionsinventory.XXXXԀ#XXXX#Theobjectiveofthisstudy,intermsofSection  112(c)(6)oftheCAA,wastolocatesmallpointandareasourcesofthesetoxiccompoundsinthe12countyarea.Thesummaryregionaltablesandcharts(beginningonpage28)highlighttheseemissionsandrespectiveareasources.Section5,Results,providessuggestedrefinementstotheprocedures t listedintheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStatesinordertomore ` accuratelyestimatetotalemissionsofPolycyclicOrganicMatter(POM)andrelatedpollutants.XXXX L #XXXX# Section112(k)AreaSourceProgram: TheobjectiveoftheSWLMpilotstudywastoprovidethe l$ mechanism,procedureandthefirstcompilationofdataonemissionsfromareasourcesofatargetedlistofhazardousairpollutants,includingthoseidentifiedinSection112(c)(6)oftheCAA.Thestudysoughttoprovidethebestcompilationofsuchdataforcalendaryear1993emissionsfromsmallpointandareasources.Section5ofthisreportpresentsthebestcurrentlyavailableestimatesofareasourcesfortheinventoriedtoxicairpollutantsforcalendaryear1993fortheChicago,MilwaukeeandGaryurbanareas.Thisprojectbeginsalongtermstateandfederalefforttocategorizeemissionsfromvariousareasources(andmajorsources)intheGreatLakesregion.XXXXԀ#XXXX7#Thestatesbelievethisworkwill  providethestrongestfoundationuponwhichtheU.S.EPAcanbuildthenationalstrategytoreduceurbanareatoxicairemissionsasoutlinedinSection112(k)(3)oftheCAA.XXXX !t! #XXXX^#Thestudyfocusedontheidentificationofsmallpointandareasourcecategoriesthatcontributethe #L # mosttothetotalemissionsofhazardousairpollutantslistedinTable21.TheSWLMstudyconcentratedonlocatingsignificantsourcesnotcurrentlyregulatedundertheCAA.Thesesourcesincludemanytraditionallyunregulatedsiteswithrelativelysmallgasfired,coalfired,oroilfiredboilers;asphaltandconcreteplants;industriesdealingwithprimarymetals(includingzinc,aluminumandiron),orsecondarymetals(primarilyusedintheprocessingofrefinedmetals);culturedmarblecompanies;woodburningstovesandfireplaces;nonroadengines;andgenerally,anyfacilitywithanincinerator.Thefocuswasonfindingmanysmallsourceswithinonecountyorurbanareathatcollectivelyreleaselargeamountsofoneormoretoxicairpollutantsofconcern.XXXX *'+ #XXXX8# Section112(m)GreatWatersandtheGreatLakesToxicSubstancesControlAgreement: The ,)- GreatLakesstatesmadesignificantprogresstowardmeetingthegoalsofthegovernorsagreementandCAASection112(m)bydevelopingtheRegionalAirPollutantInventoryDevelopmentSystem .`+/ (RAPIDS)andtestingtheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStates.The H RAPIDSsoftware,andtheaccompanyingprotocolwillbeusedbyalleightGreatLakesstatesinfutureyearstojointlyconductpointandareasourceinventoriesofthe49targetcompoundsidentifiedinTable21.XXXX   TheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStates,finalizedinJune1994,  providesinstructionsforthestatestofollowtoensurethecompleteness,accuracy,consistencyandqualityoftheregionaltoxicemissionsinventory.EachstateprepareditsportionoftheSWLMpilotinventoryinthemanneroutlinedintheprotocol,andprovidedaqualityassurancecheckontheirstatespecificemissionsdataandestimatestoensurethehighestpossiblequalitydatabase.#XXXX(#Ratherthancomparingonestatesemissionsagainstanotherstatesresults,thefocusofthepilotstudy l $  wastoprepareareliableandtechnicallyaccurateinventoryforthesouthwestLakeMichiganregionasawhole,andtooutlineareaswhereimprovementsareneededinoverallmethodologyandimplementation.XXXX 0  DevelopmentofRAPIDShasbeenthekeytotheefforttodevelopacomprehensive,accurate,andconsistenturbanareaairtoxicemissionsinventoryacrossthreestates.#XXXX#Asamultistate,regionaleffort,ahighlevelofcoordinationandcommunicationwasnecessaryto  ensureconsistencyamongthethreestatesintermsofdatamanagement,methodology,calculationmethods,andotherissues.Tofacilitatethenecessarycommunicationontheseissues,aSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudySubcommitteewasestablishedbytheGreatLakesCommissionsRegionalEmissionInventoryofToxicAirContaminantsSteeringCommittee.DuringthecourseoftheSWLMstudy,thesubcommitteecommunicatedviadailyemailexchanges,conferencecallsonaweeklyorbiweeklybasis,andmonthlyorbimonthlyinpersonmeetingstooverseecontractordevelopmentoftheinventorysoftware,andtoresolveoutstandingissuesandinconsistenciesamongthethreestatescontributingtothepilotstudy.XXXX , Duringthecourseofthisstudy,theSouthwestLakeMichiganSubcommitteeworkedcloselywiththeprojectsoftwaredevelopmentcontractor,RadianCorporation,todevelopandtestRAPIDS.Theeffortrepresentsthefirstattempttopreparesoftwareforestimatingtoxicpollutantemissionsonamultistatebasis.RAPIDSisaclient/serversystemconsistingofanORACLE#XXXX# X!XXX7#XXX X!#XXXXԀbackenddatabase    designedusingORACLECASEtools,anda suiteoffrontendapplicationsdevelopedusingvarioussoftwaretools(primarilyPowerBuilder#XXXX(# X!XXX7#XXX X!#XXXXԀandSAS#XXXXb# X!XXX7#XXX X!ɬ#XXXX).Thesoftwaretakesfulladvantageofnew "X" Internet/GreatLakesInformationNetwork(GLIN)connectionsbetweenthestates,GreatLakesCommission,andtheU.S.EPAGLNPOofficeinChicago.#XXXX#Finally,aQualityAssurance/QualityControl(QA/QC)Committeewasformedtoreviewthepilot P&#& studyreport,establishQA/QCcriteriaforusebythethreestates,andensurethereportprovidesanaccurateandusefulsummaryoftoxicairemissionsattheregionallevel.XXXXThetablesandchartspresentedinSection4,Results,providetheresultsoftheregionalinventoryfor *&* thesouthwestLakeMichiganpilotstudyarea.Itisimportanttonotethat,asapilotstudy,thesubcommitteehasrefrainedfrominterpretingtheresultsorfromdrawingmajorconclusionsthatmighthavepolicyimplications.Inaddition,thesubcommitteefindsthat,beyondtheactualresults,theprocessofcompilingtheregionalinventoryhas,itself,provenextremelyvaluableasameansofresolvingthemanytechnical,methodological,andpolicyrelatedissuesthatimpactamultistate,regionaltoxicairemissionsinventory.#XXXX&#TheU.S.EPAGLNPOofficeservesastherepositoryforthe /@,0 SouthwestLakeMichiganUrbanAreaSourceInventory.SmallpointandareasourcetoxicairemissionsdatacollectedbyIllinois,IndianaandWisconsinresideintherepository.Internetaccesstotheinventory,usingtheRAPIDSclientsoftware,isavailabletoselectresearchers.XXXX   #XXXXm#OneimportantoutcomeisthattheSWLMpilotstudyillustratedtheseriousshortcomingsthatstill  existinregionalemissionsestimates(seeregionalresultspage28),andsuggestednecessarystepsthatmustbemadetoensuredataqualityforestimatingvariouspollutantgroupings(seeSection5,Conclusions).AsignificantcontributiontothegoalsofCAAsection112(c)(6)relatestotheidentified  t needforbettermethodologyforuseinnextyearsfulleightstateregionalinventory.TheSWLMpilotstudyemissionsinventoryforsmallpointandareasourcesintheChicago,MilwaukeeandGaryurbanareasaresummarizedinthefollowingtablesandfiguresbeginningonpageϜ28: Table41:RegionalSummaryofPollutantEmissions,byStateandRegion,forallInventoried 0  SourcesintheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotProjectStudyArea,1993.     Table42:RegionalToxicAirEmissionsbyInventoriedSourcefortheSouthwestLake  MichiganPilotProjectStudyArea,1993.Figures46through435:EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcesintheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993. Workingtogetheronthispilotproject,theGreatLakesstates,andparticularlytheleadstatesof |4 Illinois,Indiana,WisconsinandMichigan,havesetanationalexampleofcooperativeemissionsinventorydevelopmentacrossstates.Theeffortsthestateairagenciesareundertakingtogetherinthisproject,supportedbyU.S.EPA,areunprecedented.  @  AnimportantresultfromtheSWLMpilotinventoryisthatthestateshavelearnedhowtoconducta  multistateinventoryandarenowpoisedtoprepareasuccessfulregionwide,eightstateeffort.   A4p) xdEPA7XXdXXd7agXXXXiXX     0$Table of Contents0ag  TauTak1.IntroductionTa 4$Table of ContentsF4agv݌ H ЌiXX    XXXXSOUTHWESTLAKEMICHIGANPILOTSTUDY#XXXX#  D  ]RB>p|0WA B d`)EB XB d` Z> ]]RB>p|0WA B d`)EB VB d` Z> ]ThepurposeoftheSouthwestLakeMichigan(SWLM)PilotStudywastoinventorysmallpointandareasourcesoftoxicairemissionsfromthecombinedurbanareasofChicago,GaryandMilwaukee(seeFigure11)and,intheprocess,totesttheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreat   LakesStatesandtodesignandtestanautomatedemissionsestimationanddatamanagementsystem    ZZ$$thatcouldbeusedinlateryearsindevelopinglarger,multistateGreatLakesregionwideinventories.Importantly,thisstudydidnotinventorymajorsourcesoftoxicairemissionsintheurbanstudyarea.Emissionsfrom majorsources,asdefinedbytheCleanAirAct(CAA),werenotestimated,andarenotdocumentedintheregionalsummary;consequently,theratioofareatomajorsourceemissionsinthestudyareaisnotavailableandthetablesandchartsprovidedhereinshouldnotbeconstruedtorepresentanestimateoftotalemissionsofthesubjecthazardousairpollutantsreleasedinthestudyarea.TheSWLMpilotstudybeganinOctober1993withprimaryfundingprovidedbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(U.S.EPA)andbuiltuponfourpreviousyearsofeffortbytheGreatLakesstates,fundedbytheGreatLakesstatesthemselvesthroughtheGreatLakesProtectionFund.Inaddition,theprojectbenefitedfromsubstantialinkindcontributionsofstafftimebytheleadstatesofIllinois,Indiana,MichiganandWisconsinandfederalcollaboratorsatU.S.EPA.Projectoversightwasprovided $$ZZbytheGreatLakesCommissionRegionalEmissionInventoryofToxicAirContaminantsSteeringCommittee(seeAppendixF),workingtogetherundertheauspicesoftheGreatLakesCommission.ProjectmanagementwasprovidedbyGreatLakesCommission,anAnnArbor,MichiganbasedcompactagencyoftheeightGreatLakesstates(Illinois,Indiana,Michigan,Minnesota,Ohio,NewYork,PennsylvaniaandWisconsin).Tm XXXXPRODUCTS#XXXXr#  (\%( ThisreportisbutoneofsixproductsoftheSWLMstudy.Thecompleteproductpackageincludes:1.0  Thisreport,TheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudy:DevelopinganInventoryofToxicAir \,), EmissionsfromAreaSourcesintheChicago,MilwaukeeandGaryUrbanAreas,1993.H-*-$$   4.*. 2.0  RegionalAirPollutantInventoryDevelopmentSystem(RAPIDS)client/serversoftwarefor H  estimationoftoxicairemissionsfrompointandareasources.RAPIDSsoftwareanddocumentationmaybedownloadedfromtheInternetatthesite:ftp.greatlakes.net/pub/RAPIDS/production/. $$ 0   3.  TheSouthwestLakeMichiganUrbanAreaSourceInventory.TheU.S.EPAGreatLakes  NationalProgramOffice(GLNPO)servesastheinventoryrepository.Internetaccesstotheinventory,usingtheRAPIDSclientsoftware,isavailabletoapprovedstateandfederalemployees. $$ 0   4.  AirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStates.TheSWLMproject  8  testedtheproceduresoutlinedinthis1994toxicairemissionestimationprotocoldocument.ThefullprotocolandtheQualityControl/QualityAssuranceplanareavailableathttp://www.greatlakes.net/partners/glc/projects/air/protocol/protohome.html.Theprotocolisalivingdocument;additionsandrefinementstotheprotocolasaresultoftheSWLMprojectareinprogress.TheprotocolwillbeusedtoguidetheeffortsofalleightGreatLakesstatesin199596astheypreparethefirstfullstatewidetoxicairemissionspointandareasourceinventoriesandpopulatetheregionalrepository.Furtheradditionsandrefinementsmaybeexpectedafterthefirstfulleightstateinventory. $$ 5.0  Improvedstateairemissionsinventorysystemsforcriteriaandtoxicairpollutants.Atleast p twooftheregionsstatesarenowadaptingpartorallofthestateoftheartRAPIDSclient/serversoftwaredevelopedduringtheSWLMstudytoserveastheirinstatetoxicandcriteriapollutantemissionestimationandinventorysystemformajorsourcesandareasources.Inaddition,severalotherstatesareusingvariousRAPIDSmodulesasanadjuncttoexistingorplannedsystemstohousethestatetoxicairemissionsinventory.XXXX T $$  #XXXX#6.0  Finally,perhapsthemostimportantproductofthisefforthasbeenthejumpstartthattheGreat , Lakesregion'sstate,provincial,federalandregionalprojectpartnershavegainedintheunderstandinganduseofclient/serverandInternetcommunicationstechnology.TheSWLMprojectsuccessfullydemonstratedthecosteffectiveandtimeefficientuseoftheInternetasanaidtosolvingregionalenvironmentalproblems.WiththeassistanceoftheU.S.EPAGLNPOoffice,theprojectintroducedtheconceptandsuccessfullydemonstratedthefeasibilityofstatesusingclient/servertechnologyviatheInternettotransmitandexchangeenvironmentaldatawithotherstates,federalagenciesandindustry. $$  XXXXDEFINITIONS#XXXX #  d%"% DefinitionsofamajorsourceandanareasourceaspresentedinCAA,Section112HazardousAirPollutants,areinsertedheretoassistthereadersunderstandingoftheeffortundertakenbythestatesthatconductedtheSWLMstudy.0  Section112.(a)(1)Majorsource.Theterm majorsourcemeansanystationarysourceorgroupofstationarysourceslocatedwithinacontiguousareaandundercommoncontrolthatemitsorhasthepotentialtoemitconsideringcontrols,intheaggregate,10tonsperyearormoreofanyhazardousairpollutantor25tonsperyearormoreofanycombinationofhazardousairpollutants.TheAdministratormayestablishalesserquantity,orinthecaseof .\+/ radionuclidesdifferentcriteria,foramajorsourcethanthatspecifiedintheprevioussentence,onthebasisofthepotencyoftheairpollutant,persistence,potentialforbioaccumulation,othercharacteristicsoftheairpollutantorotherrelevantfactors. $$  0  Section112.(a)(2)Areasource.Theterm areasourcemeansanystationarysourceofhazardousairpollutantsthatisnotamajorsource.Forpurposesofthissection,theterm areasourceshallnotincludemotorvehiclesornonroadvehiclessubjecttoregulationundertitleII. %%  zUnderthetermsoftheCCA,whichdefinesmajorsourcesintermsofquantity,thesourcesinventoriedintheSWLMstudyareaccuratelydescribedas areasources.However,emissionsinventoryspecialistssometimesusethetermspointandareasourceinadifferentway:Apointsourceisonelocatedatadiscretelocationwhereemissionsestimatescanbebasedonactivityatthatlocation.Anareasourceisatypeofsourcewhereinventoryspecialistsassumeageographicareacontainsseveral X  ormanysimilarsources,andemissionsareestimatedbasedonactivitywithinthegeographicarea(usuallyacounty),ratherthanatdiscretepoints.Generally,thisreportfollowsthisconvention,andreferstosourcesaseither smallpointor areasourcestoprovideafurtherlevelofrefinementtoaidinunderstandingthesizeandtypeofsourcesinventoried.EmissionestimatesgeneratedforfacilitiesweregroupedbyStandardIndustrialClassification(SIC)codesandlabeledasemissionsfrom smallpointsources.Theprotocolreferstosuchsourcesas facilitysources,regardlessofsize.Sourcecategories,suchasresidentialwoodburningandnonroadengines,arereferredtoas areasourcesbythestatesintheprotocolandretainthatclassificationinthisreport;thesesourcesarereferredtobyname(i.e.,woodburningforresidentialwoodburning)intheattachedregionaltablesandcharts,or,whennecessary,generically,as areasources.  T  agXXXXiXX     ag   2.Objectivesag ݌ H ЌiXX    XXXXiXXA4p) xdEPA #i##XX#ThefederalincentivefortheprojectwastoassisttheU.S.EPAinmeetingrequirementsofSection112oftheCleanAirAct(CAA).ThisprojectreportdocumentssubstantiveprogresstowardmeetingtheurbanareagoalsoftheCAASections112(c)(6)and112(k)andtheGreatLakesgoalsofSection112(m). XXXX URBANAREASOURCEEMISSIONSESTIMATIONGOALUNDERTHECLEANAIRACT   #XXXXܓ# Sections112(c)(6)and112(k)oftheCAArequireU.S.EPA,throughitsUrbanAreaSourceProgram,toidentify notlessthan30hazardousairpollutantswhich,asaresultofemissionsfromareasources,presentthegreatestthreattopublichealthinthelargestnumberofurbanareas.U.S.EPAalsomustlistandregulatethecategoriesandsubcategoriesofareasourcesthatcontribute90percentoftheemissionsofeachofthe30ormorehazardousairpollutants.Furthermore,U.S.EPAmustdevelopanationalstrategytoreduceemissionsofhazardousairpollutantsemittedbyareasources,aswellasreduceby75percenttheincidenceofcancerattributabletosuchareasources.ThethreestatesthatconductedtheSWLMstudybelievethattheairtoxicemissionestimatescontainedinthisreportfortheChicago,GaryandMilwaukeeurbanareasrepresentthebestsinglecompilationofsuchestimates.Thescopeoftheprojectdidnotallowthestatestoundertakeamassivediscoveryeffort;instead,thestatesusedavailablecalendaryear1993processdata,emissionfactorsandreportedinformation.ItwastheobjectiveoftheSWLMstudytoenhancecurrentinventorycapabilities,resolveproceduresandprotocolissuesacrossseveralstatesanddevelopandtestanautomatedemissionestimationandinventorysystem,and,intheprocess,compiletheurbanareasourceinventoryfortheSWLMstudyarea.Inshort,thepilotstudyshouldbeviewedasaninitialefforttobridgethegapbetweenthescienceof X  inventoryingtoxicairemissionsandthepublicpolicydebateconcerninghowtheseemissionsaffect D!  humanhealthandtheenvironmentandhowtheyshouldbeaddressed.FollowupbyU.S.EPAandthestatesthemselvesisnecessarytomakefurtherprogresstowardmeetingthegoalsofSection112oftheCAA.Thepilotstudystatesrecommendthatregulatorydecisionsnotbebasedonthisdataunlessmorecompellingresearchexiststowarrantsuchaction.Noeffortwasmadetodeveloparatioofthetotalemissionsfromsmallpointandareasourcestototalemissionsfrommajorsources.Emissionsfrom majorsourceswerenotestimatedandarenotdocumentedintheregionalsummary;consequentlytheratioofareatomajorsourceemissionsintheSWLMstudyareaisnotavailable,andthetablesandchartsprovidedhereinshouldnotbeconstruedtorepresentanestimateoftotalemissionsforhazardousairpollutantsreleasedinthestudyarea. XXXXSection112(c)(6)SpecificPollutants#XXXXO&#  /+/ ЇSection112(c)(6)specifiedtheneedtolistcategoriesandsubcategoriesofsourcesemittingthefollowingpollutants:alkylatedleadcompounds,polycyclicorganicmatter(POM),hexachlorobenzene,mercury,polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs),2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzofurans(TCDF)and2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzopdioxin(TCDD).Eachofthe112(c)(6)pollutantswastargetedintheSWLMsmallpointandareasourceemissionsinventory.Importantly,thisstudydidnotinventorymajorsourcesofthesetoxiccompoundsorothersintheurbanstudyarea.Theobjectiveofthisstudy,intermsofthepollutantsreferencedinSection112(c)(6),wastolocatesmallpointandareasourcesofthesetoxiccompoundsinthe12countyarea.TheResultssectionprovidessuggestedrefinementstotheprocedureslistedintheAirToxics  L  EmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStatesinordertomoreaccuratelyestimatetotal  8  emissionsofPOMandrelatedpollutants. XXXXSection112(k)AreaSourceProgram#XXXX*#  0  Section112(k)oftheCAAauthorizestheU.S.EPAtoconduct,afterconsultationwithstateandlocalairpollutioncontrolofficials,aprogramofresearchwithrespecttosourcesofhazardousairpollutantsinurbanareasthatshallincludeanalysistocharacterizethesourcesofsuchpollutionwithafocusonareasourcesandthecontributionthatsuchsourcesmaketopublichealthrisksfromhazardousairpollutants.Thisworkisseenaspreliminarytothedevelopmentofanationalstrategytoreduceemissionsinurbanareasfromareasourcesofhazardousairpollutantsandtogainanequivalentreductioninpublichealthrisksassociatedwithsuchsources.TheobjectiveoftheSWLMpilotstudywastoprovidethemechanism,procedureandthefirstcompilationofdataonemissionsfromareasourcesofatargetedlistofhazardousairpollutants,includingthoseidentifiedinSection112(c)(6)oftheCAA.Thestudyaimedtoprovidethebestcompilationofsuchdataforcalendaryear1993emissionsfromsmallpointandareasources.TheResultssectionofthisreportpresentsthebestcurrentlyavailableestimatesofareasourcesforthe   inventoriedtoxicairpollutantsforcalendaryear1993intheChicago,MilwaukeeandGaryurbanareas.Theprojectbeginsalongtermstateandfederalefforttocategorizeemissionsfromvariousareasources(andmajorsources)intheGreatLakesregion.AnobjectiveforthestatesintheSWLMstudyistoworkcooperativelywiththeU.S.EPAtoenhanceandstabilizetheregionalinventorysoftwareandprotocoldevelopedunderthiseffort,andasaconsequence,tomakeitpossiblefortheU.S.EPAtousefollowingyearseightstateemissionsdataforriskassessmentpurposesinthefuture.ThestatesbelievethatthisworkwillprovidethestrongestfoundationuponwhichtheU.S.EPAcanbuildthenationalstrategytoreduceurbanareatoxicairemissionsasoutlinedinSection112(k)(3)oftheCAA.FurtherclarificationofobjectivesanddescriptionsofinventoriedsourcesandestimationproceduresusedtoestimateCAA areasourceemissionsbythethreestatesareprovidedintheConclusions )%) sectionandinthestatesummariesprovidedinappendicesAthroughC. 7XXXX    V4  1986GREATLAKESGOVERNORSTOXICSUBSTANCESCONTROLAGREEMENT ,)- ANDCAASECTION112(m) V44݌̌XXX7X    .l+/ TheGreatLakesregionhadanadditionalincentivetoundertaketheSWLMproject.Thedevelopmentofmultistateclient/servertoxicairemissioninventorysoftwareandproceduresgoesalongwaytowardmeetingprovisionsoftheCouncilofGreatLakesGovernorsToxicSubstancesControlAgreement(governorsagreement)of1986,whichcalledonthestatestojointlyidentifysourcesofpersistenttoxicsubstancescontaminatingtheGreatLakes.SimilarGreatLakesspecificgoalswerepromulgatedunderSection112(m)oftheCAA.ThefactthattheGreatLakesstatesandtheU.S.federalgovernmentrealizedtheconvergentnatureofthesetwoinitiativesandtiedthemtogetherintoajointlyfundedprojecttomeettheneedsofbothlevelsofgovernmentisinitselfanachievement.Thepilotstudyprovidedauniqueopportunitytosimultaneouslysupportbothregionalandnationalairqualitymanagementefforts.ThisreportdocumentssubstantiveprogresstowardmeetingbothgovernorsagreementandSection112(m)goals. 7XXXX    9  GreatLakesStatesGoal:CooperativelyQuantifyingSourcesofToxicSubstances D  EnteringtheGreatLakes 9:݌̌XXX7X   In1986thegovernorsoftheeightGreatLakesstatessignedanagreementthatstated,inpart:0  ToxiccontaminantsentertheGreatLakesBasinfromawidevarietyofsourcesincludingindustrialdischarges,nonpointsourcesandatmosphericdeposition.ItisacknowledgedthattheatmosphereisasignificantsourceofthetotalbalanceofpollutantsenteringtheGreatLakessystem.However,inmanycasesadditionalresearchisneededtoquantifysourcesoftoxicsubstancestransportedthroughtheatmosphere. $$   Therefore:  0 `  1. ` ThesignatoryStatesagreetocooperateinquantifyingtoxicsubstancesloadings d originatingfromallsources,withthepurposeofdevelopingthemostenvironmentallyandeconomicallysoundcontrolprograms. ` $` $   0 `  2. ` ThesignatoryStatesagreetoconsidertheeffectsofairbornepollutantsonhuman ( healthandaquaticlifewhensettingairemissionstandardsandgrantingairemissionpermits,andtobetterintegratetheirrespectiveairandwaterprogramstoaddressatmosphericdepositionaffectingthelakes. ` $` $ Ѐ  0 `  3. ` ThesignatoryStatesendorsetheworkoftheatmosphericcomponentoftheGreat    LakesinternationalSurveillancePlananditsincreasedfocusonmonitoringtoxicsubstances. ` $` $ In1988thisagreementwasfurtherratifiedbytheprovincesofOntarioandQuXXXXJ#XXXXzA#bec.Sincethattime, $@!$ theGreatLakesstateshaveworkedcooperativelytodevelopacommonmethodtoquantifyemissionsoftoxicairpollutantsintheregion.Ontariohasparticipatedfullyindiscussions,butisnotyetpreparedtoundertakeaprovincewideairtoxicsinventory.QuXXXXJ#XXXXB#bechasnotparticipatedintheproject L'$' todate.̀ 7XXXX    }C  GreatWatersGoal:IdentifyingSourcesofAtmosphericDepositiontotheGreatLakes }CC݌ -x*. ЌXXX7X    .l+/ ThegoalofSection112(m)oftheCAA,AtmosphericDepositiontoGreatLakesandCoastalWaters,istoconductaprogramtoidentifyandassesstheextentofatmosphericdepositionofhazardousairpollutants(andatthediscretionoftheadministrator,otherairpollutants)totheGreatLakes,theChesapeakeBay,LakeChamplainandcoastalwaters.Aspartofthisprogram,theU.S.EPAischargedwithinvestigatingthesourceorsourcesofanypollutiontotheGreatLakeswhichisattributabletoatmosphericdeposition.TheGreatLakesstatesmadesignificantprogresstowardmeetingthegoalsofthegovernorsagreementandCAASection112(m)bydevelopingtheRegionalAirPollutantInventoryDevelopmentSystem(RAPIDS)andtestingtheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakes  L  States.TheRAPIDSsoftware,andtheaccompanyingprotocolwillbeusedbyalleightGreatLakes  8  statesinfutureyearstoconductjointpointandareasourceinventoriesofthe49targetcompoundsidentifiedinTable21.RAPIDSdatawillbemadeavailabletostateandU.S.EPAresearchersconductinganalysisoftheeffectsofatmosphericdepositionofairpollutantsontheGreatLakes.Inaddition,other(nonGreatLakes)statesparticipatingintheGreatWatersProgramwillbeofferedcopiesoftheRAPIDSsoftwareandprotocolfortheiruseinestimatingtoxicairemissionsimpactingtheChesapeakeBay,LakeChamplainandthecoastalwatersoftheUnitedStates.Inaddition,thestatesofTexasandLouisianahavefolloweddevelopmentoftheprojecttodateandhaveaccesstothesoftwareandprotocol.TheResultssectionofthisreportbrieflyoutlinesthepointandareasourceemissionestimationand p inventorycapabilitiesofRAPIDS. XXXXTARGETCOMPOUNDS#XXXXL#  h  ThestudyfocusedontheidentificationofsmallpointandareasourcecategoriesthatcontributethemosttothetotalemissionsofhazardousairpollutantslistedinTable21.Thelistoftargetcompoundswasdevelopedoveraperiodoffiveyears,andisbasedonseveralcriteria.ThelistincludespollutantsidentifiedintheGreatLakesBasinbytheInternationalJointCommissiononthebasisoftoxicitytoaquaticlife,carcinogenicityandtoxiceffectsonhumanhealthandbioaccumulativepotential.TableE1inAppendixEliststhecarcinogenicityratingsforthetargetcompoundsbasedonU.S.EPAsIntegratedRiskInformationSystemDatabase.PollutantshavebeenaddedtothelistbasedonthesuggestionsofindividualGreatLakesstates;theU.S.EPAOfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards;FactorInventoryRetrieval(FIRE)systemdevelopers;U.S.EPAGreatWaters/Section112(m)andUrbanAreaSource112(c)(6)programstaff;andfromthelistofpollutantsidentifiedinSection112(c)(6)oftheCAA.Thecurrentlistof49pollutantsshouldnotbeconsideredfinal.Thereareproceduresintheprotocolforstates,andothers,tosuggesttheadditionordeletionofcompounds.Uponconsensusapprovalofthefulleightstatesteeringcommittee,thelistmaybeamended.SeetheConclusionssectionforsuggestedamendmentstothelistgeneratedbytheSWLM D'#' study.XXXX Y XX0  0` $$Table21:0` $` $ListofTargetCompoundsfortheRegional -p*. ToxicAirEmissionsInventory#XX Y*R#5XX .+/$$ @,#XX5S#Y XX#! YR#Y !*wddd Xdd Xdd X$$w,d!, d!,d!,d!,d!,!+  ;ZZY&  3F; TZY?0'"ZZY TPollutant#! YS#Y !#XX YS#5XX TZY?0;" QQZY TToxicList FZZY1"'"ZY F̜CAS###5U#5##XX5V#5XX XN;G" KK 3F  ZZY !FX 0Y  0 9Y$Y 91Great   Waters ?Y*e "Y ?2GreatLakes   Commission ?Y*e "Y ?3CAA   112(c)(6) CZY.e"Y C mZ^$ !F  ZY P ?1? m1 [L>w  ?1 ? Z  [Arsenic <-w   <Yes <-w   <Yes <-w   < @Z-w   @7440382 sZd*w  P  Z P @2@s2 [L>S  @2 @Z [Atrazine <-S <Yes <-S < <-S < @Z-S @1912249 pZa*S  P Z P @3@p3 XI>w/  @3 @Z XBenz(a)anthracene(1,2Benz(a)anthraceneBenzo(a)anthracene) 9*  9 9*w/ 9Yes 9*w/  9 =Z*w/! =56553 pZa*w/"  P Z P @4@p4 XI> c#  @4 @Z XBenzo(a)pyrene 9* c$ 9Yes 9* c% 9Yes 9* c& 9 =Z* c' =50328 rZa* c(  P Z P @5@r5 ZI> ?)  @5 @Z ZCadmium ;* ?* ;Yes ;* ?+ ;Yes ;* ?, ; =Z* ?- =7440439 pZa* ?.  P Z P @6@p6 XI>c  /  @6 @Z XCarbontetrachloride 9*c  0 9Yes 9*c  1 9Yes 9*c  2 9 =Z*c  3 =56235 pZa*c  4  P Z P @7@p7 XI>? 5  @7 @Z XChlordane 9*? 6 9Yes 9*? 7 9 9*? 8 9 =Z*? 9 =57749 pZa*? :  P Z P  @8 @p8 XI> ;   @8  @Z XChromium 9* < 9Yes 9* = 9Yes 9* > 9 =Z* ? =7440473 pZa* @  P Z P "@9"@p9 XI> A  "@9 "@Z XChromeVI 9* B 9 9* C 9Yes 9* D 9 =Z* E =18540299 qZb* F  P Z P $@10$@q10 YJ? G  $@10 $@Z YChrysene(Benz(a)phenanthrene) 9*7 I 9 9* J 9Yes 9* K 9 =Z* L =218019 qZb* M  P Z P &@11&@q11 YJ?[N  &@11 &@Z YCobalt 9*[O 9Yes 9*[P 9 9*[Q 9 =Z*[R =7440484 qZb*[S  P Z P (@12(@q12 YJ?7T  (@12 (@Z YCokeovenemissions 9*7U 9Yes 9*7V 9 9*7W 9 =Z*7X =8007452 qZb*7Y  P Z P *@13*@q13 YJ?Z  *@13 *@Z YCopper 9*[ 9Yes 9*\ 9 9*] 9 =Z*^ =7440508 qZb*_  P Z P ,@14,@q14 YJ?`  ,@14 ,@Z Y1,2Dichloroethane 9*a 9 9*b 9Yes 9*c 9 =Z*d =107062 qZb*e  P Z P .@15.@q15 YJ?f  .@15 .@Z YDiethlyhexylphthalate(Bis(2ethylhexyl)Phthalate) 9*w/h 9 9*i 9Yes 9*j 9 =Z*k =117817 qZb*l  P Z P 0@160@q16 YJ?S m  0@16 0@Z YDinbutylphthalate 9*S n 9 9*S o 9Yes 9*S p 9 =Z*S q =84742 qZb*S r  P Z P 1@171@q17 YJ?/s  1@17 1@Z YDinoctylphthalate 9*/t 9 9*/u 9Yes 9*/v 9 =Z*/w =117840 qZb*/x  P Z P 2@182@q18 YJ? y  2@18 2@Z YDioxins 9* z 9Yes 9* { 9 9* | 9 =Z* } = qZb* ~  P Z P 3@193@q19 YJ?  3@19 3@Z YEthylbenzene 9* 9Yes 9* 9 9* 9 =Z* =100414 qZb*  P Z P 4@204@q20 YJ?{  4@20 4@Z YFluoranthene(1,2BenzacenaptheneBenzo(jk)fluorene) 9* 9 9*{ 9Yes 9*{ 9 =Z*{ =206440 qZb*{  P Z P 5@215@q21 YJ?  5@21 5@Z YHeptachlor 9* 9Yes 9* 9 9* 9 =Z* =76448 qZb*  P Z P 6@226@q22 YJ?  6@22 6@Z YHexachlorobenzene 9* 9Yes 9* 9Yes 9* 9Yes =Z* =118741 qZb*  P Z P 7@237@q23 YJ?g  7@23 7@Z YHexachlorobutadiene 9*g 9 9*g 9Yes 9*g 9 =Z*g =87683 qZb*g  P Z P 8@248@q24 YJ?C  8@24 8@Z YHexachloroethane 9*C 9 9*C 9Yes 9*C 9 =Z*C =67721 qZb*C  P Z P 9@259@q25 YJ?g  9@25 9@Z YLead 9*g 9Yes 9*g 9Yes 9*g 9 =Z*g =7439921 qZb*g  P Z  :@26:@q26 YJ?C   :@26 :@Z YAlkylatedleadcompounds 9*C  9 9*C  9Yes 9*C  9Yes =Z*C  =7439921 qZb*C    Z  ;@27;@q27 YJ?!  ;@27 ;@Z YManganese&compounds 9*! 9Yes 9*! 9 9*! 9 =Z*! = qZb*!   Z P <@28<@q28 YJ?!  <@28 <@Z YMercury 9*! 9Yes 9*! 9Yes 9*! 9Yes =Z*! =7439976 qZb*!  P Z P =@29=@q29 YJ?"  =@29 =@Z YMethoxychlorDimethoxyDDT 9*#;  9Yes 9*" 9 9*" 9 =Z*" =72435 qZb*"  P Z P >@30>@q30 YJ?_$!  >@30 >@Z YMethyleneChlorideMethaneDichlorideFreon30 9*%o" 9Yes 9*_$! 9 9*_$! 9 =Z*_$! =75092 qZb*_$!  P Z P ?@31?@q31 YJ?&K#  ?@31 ?@Z YNaphthalene 9*&K# 9 9*&K# 9Yes 9*&K# 9 =Z*&K# =91203 qZb*&K#  P Z P @@32@@q32 YJ?o''$  @@32 @@Z YNickelandcompounds##5V#5#Nicarbonyl##5#5# ($ NicyanideNIsubsulfide 9*s)+& 9Yes 9*o''$ 9 9*o''$ 9 =Z*o''$ =1346339355719712035722 qZb*s)+&  P Z P @@33@@q33 YJ?O*'  @@33 @@Z YParathion 9*O*' 9Yes 9*O*' 9 9*O*' 9 =Z*O*' =56382 qZb*O*'  P Z  A@34A@q34 YJ?++'  A@34 A@Z YPentachloronitrobenzene(PCNB)(Quintobenzene) 9*+( 9Yes 9*++' 9 9*++' 9 =Z*++' =82688 qZb*++'   Z P A@35A@q35 YJ?,k)  A@35 A@Z YPentachlorophenol(PCP) 9*,k) 9Yes 9*,k) 9 9*,k) 9 =Z*,k) =87865 qZb*,k)  P Z P B@36B@q36 YJ?-G*  B@36 B@Z YPhenol(CarbolicAcid) 9*-G* 9Yes 9*-G* 9 9*-G* 9 =Z*-G* =108952 qZb*-G*  P Z  B@37B@q37 YJ?k.#+  B@37 B@Z YTotalpolychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs) 9*/+ 9Yes 9*k.#+ 9Yes 9*k.#+ 9Yes =Z*k.#+ =1336363 qZb*k.#+   Z  C@38C@q38 YJ?  C@38 C@Z Y Totalpolychlorinateddibenzodioxins(PCDDs) 9* 9Yes 9* 9Yes 9* 9 =Z* = qZb*   Z  C@39C@q39 YJ?  C@39 C@Z YTotalpolychlorinateddibenzofurans(PCDFs) 9*GL  9 9*  9Yes 9*  9 =Z*  = qZb*   Z  D@40D@q40 YJ?# (  D@40 D@Z YTotalpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs) 9*  9Yes 9*# ( 9Yes 9*# ( 9 =Z*# ( = qZb*# (   Z  D@41D@q41 YJ?   D@41 D@Z YPolycyclicorganicmatter(POM) 9*  9Yes 9*  9 9*  9Yes =Z*  = qZb*    Z  E@42E@q42 YJ?   E@42 E@Z Y2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzopdioxin(TCDD) 9*3 8 9 9*  9Yes 9*   9Yes =Z* ! =1746016 sZb* "   Z  E@43E@s43 [J? #  E@43 E@Z [2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzofuran(TCDF) ;* % ;Yes ;* & ;Yes ;* ' ;Yes =Z* ( =51207319 qZb* )   Z P F@44F@q44 YJ?*  F@44 F@Z YTetrachloroethene(Tetrachloroethylene1,1,2,2TetrachloroethylenePerchloroethylenePERC) 9* . 9 9*/ 9Yes 9*0 9 =Z*1 =127184 qZb*2  P Z P F@45F@q45 YJ?w| 3  F@45 F@Z YTrichloroethene(Trichloroethylene) 9*#( 5 9 9*w| 6 9Yes 9*w| 7 9 =Z*w| 8 =79016 qZb*w| 9  P Z P G@46G@q46 YJ? :  G@46 G@Z Y1,1,1trichloroethane 9* ; 9 9* < 9Yes 9* = 9 =Z* > =71556 qZb* ?  P Z P G@47G@q47 YJ? @  G@47 G@Z Y2,4,5trichlorophenol 9* A 9 9* B 9Yes 9* C 9 =Z* D =95954 qZb* E  P Z P H@48H@q48 YJ?F  H@48 H@Z Y2,4,6trichlorophenol 9*G 9 9*H 9Yes 9*I 9 =Z*J =88062 sZZb*K  P Z  H@49H@s49 [ZJ?L  H@49 H@ZZ [Trifluralin(2,6Dinitron,ndipropyl4(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine) ;Z*OZ ;Yes ;Z*PZ ; ;Z*QZ ; =ZZ*RZ =1582098:0.S   2 ZZ :##5;##XX#?W##XX5#1.Compoundslisted(amongothers)onU.S.EPAGreatWatersProgramslistoftargetedtoxicchemicals.2.CompoundsoriginallytargetedbytheGreatLakesCommission.ThefullGLClistnowincludesall49compoundslistedabove.3.Compoundsidentified(amongothers)intheU.S.CleanAirAct,asamendedin1990(Section112(c)(6)).#XX5`#  Y  /XXXXXXX/ag XXXXiXX     agg  3.MethodologyTaagg݌ H Ќ iXX    XXXXiXXA4p) xd EPA#i ##XX*#TheSWLMstudyconcentratedonlocatingsignificantsourcesnotcurrentlyregulatedundertheCAA.Thesesourcesincludemanytraditionallyunregulatedsiteswithrelativelysmallgasfired,coalfired,oroilfiredboilers;asphaltandconcreteplants;industriesdealingwithprimarymetals(includingzinc,aluminumandiron),orsecondarymetals(primarilyusedintheprocessingofrefinedmetals);culturedmarblecompanies;woodburningstovesandfireplaces;nonroadengines;andgenerally,anyplacewithanincinerator.Thefocuswasonfindingmanysmallsourceswithinonecountyorurbanareathatcollectivelyreleaselargeamountsofoneormoretoxicairpollutantsofconcern.Fordetaileddiscussionsofmethodology,seeappendicesA,BandCandthe1994AirToxicsEmissionsInventory j  Protocol(underseparatecover). V  XXXX 7XXXX   0$Table of Contents0 l  AIRTOXICSEMISSIONSINVENTORYPROTOCOLFORTHEGREATLAKESSTATES l݌  ЌXXX7X   4$Table of ContentsŽ4TheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStates,finalizedinJune1994, Q  providesinstructionsforthestatestofollowtoensurethecompleteness,accuracy,consistencyandqualityoftheregionaltoxicemissionsinventory.#XXXXM#XXXXԀEachstateprepareditsportionoftheSWLMpilot ) inventoryinthemanneroutlinedintheprotocol,andprovidedaqualityassurancecheckontheirstatespecificemissionsdataandestimatestoensurethehighestpossiblequalitydatabase.#XXXX5#XXXX  Inventorycompleteness,oneofthemostimportantobjectivesoftheprotocol,hasbeenaddressedbyidentifyingallsourcecategoriesthathavethepotentialtoemitoneofthetargettoxicairpollutantswithintheGreatLakestatesregion.Theaccuracyoftheregionalinventoryisaddressedbyusingthemostrecentinformationavailabletoidentifyandlocateemissionsourcesandestimateemissions.TheQA/QCPlanoutlinesprocedurestomaximizethequalityandaccuracyoftheregionalinventorysdataandestimates.#XXXX~#XXXX  Theprotocoldoesnotcontainspecific,detailedinformationonestimatingemissionsforeachtypeofdevice/processexpectedtobeencounteredintheGreatLakesregion.Instead,acceptablegenericemissionestimatingtechniques(EETs)areidentifiedfortheemissionsourcesthatproducetoxicemittants.AgenericdiscussionofeachEETandalistoftechnicalreferencesisprovidedforthosewhorequiremoredetailedinformation.U.S.EPArequiredagenciestoprepareInventoryPreparationPlans(IPPs)aspartofthe1990baselinecriteriapollutantinventoriesrequiredundertheCleanAirAct,asamendedin1990.Theprotocolwaspreparedinpartialfulfillmentofthisrequirement.AccordingtotheU.S.EPA,theIPPshouldoutlinetheagencysinventorydevelopmenteffortplan,andpresentanddocumenttheresultingemissionsdataandestimates.TheU.S.EPArecommendedthat,ataminimum,theIPPincludethefollowinginformation:  c  c"0 `   definitionoftheinventorysstructure,contentandinventoryarea;c ݌*'-` $` $ Ќ    c  c"0 `   backgroundandbasisfortheinventory; p c݌A,(/` $` $ Ќ    c  c"0 `   identificationofthepartiesresponsiblefortheinventory;c݌-q*1` $` $ Ќ    c  c"0 `   identificationofthequalityassurancecoordinator;andc݌1/+3` $` $ Ќ    c  ca"0 `   proceduresusedtocollectdataanddetermineemissions'`  (#X'.ca|݌` $` $ Ќ  C  $ CTheprotocolisnotintendedtoreplacetheIPP,butdoesincludemostoftheaboveinformation.Byfocusingontheproceduresthattheparticipatingstatesmustfollowtocompiletheirportionoftheregionaldatabase,theprotocolassignsresponsibilitiesandprocedures(joint,state,GreatLakesCommission,U.S.EPAGLNPO);outlinesprocedurestoidentifyandlocateemissionsourcesoftargetcompounds;guidesselectionofspecificemissionestimationtechniques;instructsstatesoncompilingandupdatingtheregionalrepositoryatGLNPO;outlinesqualityassurance/qualitycontrolproceduresforemissiondataandestimates;andidentifiesandexplainsthefullsuiteofautomatedtoolsavailablefordevelopingtheregionalinventory(RAPIDS,GLCFIRE,Version3.0,andothers).Sincetheparticipatingstatesenvisionthatthefulleightstateregionaldatabaseofairtoxicemissionsdataandestimateswillbeupdatedperiodically,theprotocolalsoprovidestheprocedurestoupdatetheregionalinventoryandanestimatedscheduleforsuchupdates.Procedurestoresolvedifferencesofopinionamongtheparticipatingstatesregardingvariousaspectsoftheregionalinventorydevelopmenteffortareasignificantcomponentoftheprotocol.Figure31onthefollowingpageoutlinesthemajorstepsandcheckpointsthattheprotocolstipulatestheGreatLakesstatesfollowindevelopingtheirportionoftheregionalinventory.Theseincludethecompletionof:staffresourcedevelopment;device/processidentificationinthestudyarea;anddatacollectionrequirementsanalysis.Thedatacollection,emissioncalculationandareasourcereconciliationalsomustbecompleted,aswellasdataentryandpreuploadQA/QCactivities.Finally,asuccessfuluploadtotheregionalrepositoryandtheAerometricInformationRetrievalSystem(AIRS)mustbeaccomplished.Twoimportantissuesfortheinventorydevelopmenteffortaretheappropriatelevelofdetailandtheuseoffacilityversusareaapproachforcalculatingemissions.FortheGreatLakesstatesregionalinventory,theprotocoldefinesthefollowinglevelofdetailasbeingappropriateformeetingthegoalsoftheproject:#XXXX#XXXXc  cx"0    Emittantsincluded: IncludealltargetcompoundslistedinTable21;cx݌$$ Ќ  c  cP"0    Spatialresolution: Bycountyforareasources,andtothenearest100metersforfacility H! sourcesandassociateddevices;cPk݌ $$ Ќ  Hc  ݇c"0    Temporalresolution: Annualemissionsestimatesandannualactivitydata;andc݌!h$p&p& Ќ  Hw i#XXXXY#XXXXc  c"0    Source/device/processcategorization: Bythemostdetailedsource/device/process,as ,#& identifiedinU.S.EPAsSourceClassificationCodes(SCC)andAreaandMobileSource(AMS)codingsystemsofprocesscodesplusafurtherbreakdownbyStandardIndustrialClassification(SIC),asappropriate,tobettercategorizeagivensource(requiredtopreventtheproblemofinconsistentaggregationofsources/devices/processesamongtheparticipatingstates).c݌ '$+$$ Ќ   #XXXX#XXXXFigure31:0 ` MajorStepsandCheckpointsintheRegionalInventoryDevelopment H EffortasStipulatedintheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocol #XXXXv#XXXX <` $` $ Theprotocoldescribesthetwoemissioncalculationapproachesasfollows:c  c"0    Facilitysourceapproach: Separatelyidentifyeachdevice/processateachfacilitysourceand   calculateitsemissions(oftenreferredtoasafacility/pointsourceapproach);andc݌ $$ Ќ  c  c]"0    Areasourceapproach: Aggregateallsimilaroridenticaldevice/processeswithinadefined  areaandcalculatetheirtotalemissionsdirectlyusingtheappropriatesurrogateactivitydata(thesourceinthiscaseistheareainwhichallofthedevicesarefound,usuallyanentirecounty).c]x݌ $$ Ќ  O#XXXXq#XXXXTheareasourceapproachisgenerallyusedforsourcesthataresmallandnumerous,suchasgasoline  T  stationsanddrycleaningestablishments.Thesearenotincludedasfacilitysourcesbecausetheeffortrequiredtogatherandestimateemissionsforeachindividualfacilityisbeyond#XXXXO#XXXXtheresourcesavailable t ,  forinventorydevelopmentefforts.Someareasources,suchasconsumerproducts,havenoanalogasafacilitysource.Theprotocolreferstocertainsoftwaretools(e.g.#XXXX#XXXXtheRegionalAirPollutantInventoryDevelopment $  System,RAPIDS,discussedbelow)thatcanbeusedtoprepareastateorprovincesportionoftheregionalinventory.However,theprotocolprocedures,iffollowed,willresultinemissionsdataandestimatesthatarecompatibleandconsistent,whetherornotthesesoftwaretoolsareused.#XXXX#  XXXX 7XXXX   0$Table of Contents0   DEVELOPINGANDTESTINGCLIENT/SERVEREMISSIONESTIMATIONAND d INVENTORYSOFTWARE:RAPIDS K݌̌XXX7X   4$Table of Contents4DevelopmentoftheRegionalAirPollutantInventoryDevelopmentSystem(RAPIDS)hasbeenthekeytotheefforttodevelopacomprehensive,accurateandconsistenturbanareaairtoxicemissionsinventoryacrossthreestates.Duringthecourseofthisstudy,theSouthwestLakeMichiganSubcommitteeworkedcloselywiththeprojectsoftwaredevelopmentcontractor,RadianCorporation,todevelopandtestRAPIDS.Theeffortrepresentsthefirstattempttopreparesoftwareforestimatingtoxicpollutantemissionsonamultistatebasis.RAPIDSisaclient/serversystemconsistingofanORACLE#XXXX# X!XXX7#XXX X!#XXXXԀbackenddatabase  designedusingORACLECASEtools,anda suiteoffrontendapplicationsdevelopedusingvarioussoftwaretools(primarilyPowerBuilder#XXXX%# X!XXX7#XXX X!#XXXXԀandSAS#XXXX_# X!XXX7#XXX X!ɩ#XXXX).Thesoftwaretakesfulladvantageofnew !! Internet/GLINconnectionsbetweenthestates,theGreatLakesCommissionandtheU.S.EPAGLNPOofficeinChicago.Seesection4,ResultsfordiscussionontheuseofRAPIDSincompilingtheSWLMinventory.#XXXX#  |%4"% 7XXXX    E   E݌̌XXX7X   XXXXCOLLECTINGANDCOMPILINGDATAFROMTHREESTATES#XXXX8#  H(%( Emissionestimateswerebasedonthebestavailablestateinventorydata.Thedatapresentedrepresentdifferentlevelsofemissionsreportingrequirementsanddatacollectioneffortsbyeachoftheparticipatingstates.Ifemissionsfromcertainsourcecategoriesaremissingfromonestatesdata,thismayreflectvaryingreportingrequirementsamongthestatesandnotnecessarilytheabsenceofthosesourceswithinthestate.Contacteachindividualstatesqualityassurance/qualitycontrolrepresentative,listedinTable31below,forfurtherinformation.Thestatespromotedconsistency .|+/ amongtheirrespectiveinventoriesbyfollowingtheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolforthe H GreatLakesStates(developedtohelptheeightGreatLakesstatesprepareacomprehensive,regional 4 airtoxicemissionsinventory)andbyusingemissionsfactorsfromFIREVersion3.0.Ratherthancomparingonestatesemissionsagainstanotherstatesresults,thefocusofthepilotstudywastoprepareareliableandtechnicallyaccurateinventoryforthesouthwestLakeMichiganregionasawholeandtooutlineareaswhereimprovementsareneededinoverallmethodologyandimplementation.XXXXY XX Table31:0 ` PersonnelResponsibleforPilotInventoryCompilationand  L  QualityAssurance/QualityControl  ` ` $` $ *d3dd! d!d!d!d!!$$,dd ,4dd ,dd ,dd +  *ZZZ   *#XX Y#QXX#*Q#Q*Role ?ZZZ*0 "ZZZ ?Illinois ?ZZ*0 "ZZZ ?Indiana ?ZZZ*0 "ZZ ?Wisconsin 9Z*0 "ZZZ 9#XXQ#5XXInventory <  Development#XX5#QXX 0Z!8 Z 0#XXQ#5XXBuzzAsselmeier <  DivisionofAirPollutionControlILEnvironmentalProtectionAgency#XX5#QXX "4Z "#XXQ:#5XXChrisHammack,SusanBem <  OfficeofAirManagementINDept.ofEnvironmentalManagement#XX5#QXX Z @ #XXQJ#5XXOrlandoCabreraRivera <  BureauofAirManagementWIDept.ofNaturalResources#XX5#QXX 2ZZ!@Z 2#XXQM#5XXQualityAssurance/ t,  QualityControl#XX5#QXX 2ZZ!(!ZZ 2#XXQ9#5XXBuzzAsselmeier t," ##5_#5#DivisionofAirPollution  # ControlILEnvironmentalProtectionAgency#XX5##XXXX#XXXXQXX )Z$&ZZ )#XXQ#5XXSusanBem,ChrisHammack t,' ##5#5#OfficeofAirManagement  ( INDept.ofEnvironmentalManagement#XX5Z##XXXX#XXXXQXX +ZZx0*Z +#XXQ#5XXJohnShenot t,+ ##5#5#BureauofAirManagement  , WIDept.ofNaturalResources#XX5 ##XXXXm#&x0.  ZZ & XXXXCOORDINATIONMETHODS#XXXXG#  0 Asamultistate,regionaleffort,ahighlevelofcoordinationandcommunicationwasnecessarytoensureconsistencyamongthethreestatesintermsofdatamanagement,methodology,calculationmethodsandotherissues.Tofacilitatethenecessarycommunicationontheseissues,aSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudySubcommitteewasestablishedbytheGreatLakesRegionalEmissionInventoryofToxicAirContaminantsSteeringCommittee.Thesubcommittee(seeAppendixG)includedmembersfromthethreeleadstatesandMichiganandobserversfromMinnesota,U.S.EPAandOntario.TheGreatLakesCommissionprovidedprojectmanagementandsecretariatservices.DuringthecourseoftheSWLMstudy,thesubcommitteecommunicatedviadailyemailexchanges,conferencecallsonaweeklyorbiweeklybasis,andmonthlyorbimonthlyinpersonmeetingstooverseecontractordevelopmentoftheinventorysoftware,andtoresolveoutstandingissuesandinconsistenciesamongthethreestatescontributingtothepilotstudy.TheprojectteamdevelopedanInternetgroupmailingservice,airtoxics@greatlakes.net,whichfacilitatedtransmittalofthousandsofmessagesamongthesubcommitteemembers,contractors,andwithalargergroupofsteeringcommitteemembers,peerreviewers,universityandindustryresearchers,otherGreatWaters/UrbanAreaSourcestates(includingTexasandLouisiana),andfederalagencyrepresentatives.TheGreatLakesCommissionholdsacompletearchiveofallairtoxics@greatlakes.netmessages,includingminutesforallconferencecallsandinpersonmeetings.Thecompleteemailaddresslistfortheairtoxics@greatlakes.netmailingserviceisincludedinAppendixI.Finally,aQualityAssurance/QualityControl(QA/QC)Committeewasformedtoreviewthepilotstudyreport,establishQA/QCcriteriaforusebythethreestatesandensurethereportprovidesan /+G accurateandusefulsummaryoftoxicairemissionsattheregionallevel.MembersoftheSWLMRegionalQA/QCsubcommitteearelistedinAppendixH.MinutesofthiscommitteesmeetingsandallemailtransactionshavebeenarchivedbytheGreatLakesCommission.eXXXX    XXXeXA4p) xdEPAagXXXXiXX     ag   4.  Resultsag u ݌ H ЌiXX    #eXXXXy # xXXXeXURBANAREASOURCEEMISSIONSESTIMATIONGOALUNDERTHE1990CAA#eXXXxX܍ #  D  XXXeXTheresultssummarizedbelowshouldbeviewedasafirststepforusebypolicymakersandothers $  involvedinairqualitymanagement.Thesedatacansupportregulatorydecisionsifusedinconjunctionwithothersourcesofqualityassureddata.#eXXXX& #ԀWiththeseresults,andanenhancedunderstandingof   currentinventorycapabilities,additionalquestionscanbeasked,issuescanbemorepreciselyframed,andthegoalsandobjectivesoffutureinventoryeffortscanbespecifiedingreaterdetail.Inshort,thepilotstudyshouldbeviewedasaninitialefforttobridgethegapbetweenthescienceofinventorying x  toxicairemissionsandthepublicpolicydebateconcerninghowtheseemissionsaffecthumanhealth d  andtheenvironmentandhowtheyshouldbeaddressed.Thetablesandchartsbeginningonpage28providetheresultsoftheregionalinventoryforthesouthwestLakeMichiganpilotstudyarea.Itisimportanttonotethat,asapilotstudy,thesubcommitteehasrefrainedfrominterpretingtheresultsorfromdrawingmajorconclusionsthatmighthavepolicyimplications.Inaddition,thesubcommitteefindsthat,beyondtheactualresults,theprocessofcompilingtheregionalinventoryhas,itself,provenextremelyvaluableasameansof   resolvingthemanytechnical,methodological,andpolicyrelatedissuesthatimpactamultistate,regionaltoxicairemissionsinventory.Importantlessonshavebeenlearned,andwhilethesemaynotbeimmediatelyapparentfromthetablesandchartsbelow,theywillnonethelessbeputtouseincompilingthefull,eightstateinventoryfortheGreatLakesregion.PerhapsthemostimportantoutcomeoftheprojectisthattheSWLMpilotstudyillustratedtheseriousshortcomingswhichstillexistintheemissionsinventoryestimates(seeregionalresultspage28),andsuggestednecessarystepsthatmustbemadetoensuredataqualityforestimatingvariouspollutantgroupings(seeSection5,Conclusions). l$ XXXeX 7XXXX   0$Table of Contents0   SouthwestLakeMichiganUrbanAreaSourceInventory 4$Table of Contents-4 ]݌ 0"! ЌXXX7X   #eXXXXܵ#XXXeXTheU.S.EPAGLNPOofficeservesastherepositoryfortheSouthwestLakeMichiganUrbanArea $ # SourceInventory#eXXXX}#XXXeX.Smallpointandareasourcetoxicairemissionsdatacollectedbythestatesof $!$ Illinois,IndianaandWisconsinresideintherepository.Internetaccesstotheinventory,usingtheRAPIDSclientsoftware,isavailabletoselectresearchers.PetitionsforaccessshouldbedirectedtotheGreatLakesCommission.#eXXXXA# 'x$'  7XXXeX      1990CAASection112(c)(6):AProtocolforInventoryingPollutantSubsets B݌ *<'* ЌeXXX7X   +XXXXXXeX+0   $$ PerhapsthemostsignificantcontributiontothegoalsofCAASection112(c)(6)relatestotheidentifiedneedforbettermethodologyforuseinnextyearsfulleightstateregionalinventory.Withtheassistanceofaqualityassurance/qualitycontrolsubcommittee,thestatesdraftednewmethodology,titledQA/QCforPollutantSubsets,tobeaddedtotheprotocol./eXXXXXXX!/+XXXXXXeX+ (/+/ /eXXXXXXX/+XXXXXXeX+]x B2.p|0f `EHffd{Jx]]x B2.p|0f `EHff"T{Hx]PAHemissionestimatesshouldincludetotalemissionsforseveralpollutants(subsets),anumberof {{$$whichwereseparatelyinventoriedinthisstudy.Figure41showsthehierarchyofPOMandPAHcompounds.Similarly,totalchromeshouldincludeemissiontotalsforchromeVI/eXXXXXXX/+XXXXXXeX+,a  separatelyinventoriedpollutant.TotalemissionsforPAHshouldequalorexceedthesumofallPAHcompounds;andtotalchromeemissionsshouldexceedemissionestimationsforchromeVI.However,emissionfactorsinFIREVersion3.0mayexistinoneofthreecombinations:1)factorsforPAHandfactorsforassociatedcompounds;2)factorsjustforPAH;or3)factorsjustforsomeoftheassociatedcompounds.AsimilarsituationoccurswithchromeandchromeVI.#eXXXX#  TheQualityAssurance/QualityControlCommitteeexpectedthatemissionsestimatesforPOM,PAHandthePAH $${{subsetswouldrelatetooneanotherasfollows:POMX,XXeX$#eXX,XX'"#PAHX,XXeX$#eXX,XXu"#naphthalene+benz(a)anthracene+benzo(a)pyrene+chrysene+fluoranthene @ Infact,duetotheavailabilityanduseofselectedemissionfactors,naphthaleneemissionestimatesexceededPAHemissionestimates.Asimilarerroroccurredinthechromiumandhexavalentchromeemissionestimates.TheSWLMpilotstudysubcommitteerecognizesthediscrepanciesinthesetotalsandhasdraftedmethodology,presentedinSection5,Conclusions,torectifythiserror.Thenextstep  forimprovingthepollutantsubsetestimationmethodologyintheprotocolisreviewandrefinementbytheeightGreatLakesstates,OntarioandU.S.EPA;uponconsensusapprovalbytheeightGreatLakesstatesthemethodologywillbeaddedtotheprotocol. 7XXXeX    %  CAASection112(k)AreaSourceProgram:ToxicEmissionsfromUrbanAreaSourcesT  %%&݌ d%"% ЌeXXX7X   XXXeXTheSWLMpilotstudyemissionsinventoryforsmallpointandareasourcesintheChicago,MilwaukeeandGaryurbanareasaresummarizedinthefollowingtablesandfigures: Table41:RegionalSummaryofPollutantEmissions,byStateandRegion,forAllInventoried *&* SourcesintheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotProjectStudyArea,1993: Thistable,beginning *'+ onpage2]9]]8],liststotalemissionsinpoundsperyear,fromallinventoriedsources,foreachofthe49targetcompoundsinventoriedinthepilotstudy.Totalsareshownforeachstatesportionoftheinventory,aswellasforthe12countyregionasawhole.Thissummaryisintendedtoprovideageneraloverviewoftoxicairpollutantsinthe12countystudyarea.Whilethedatacanbebroken .`+/ downfurther,doingsowouldfocusattentiononalevelofdetailthatmaynotbeappropriateatthispointinthestudyprocess.#eXXXX'#XXXeX 4 AppendixEprovidesthecarcinogenicityratingsforthepollutantsinventoriedintheSWLMproject,basedonU.S.EPAsIntegratedRiskInformationSystem(IRIS)Database.#eXXXX2+#XXXeXԀRatingsintheIRIS  databasearebasedonagencyconsensuspositionsonthepotentialadversehumanhealtheffectsofapproximately500substances,updatedmonthly.#eXXXX8,#XXXeXԀThecarcinogenicityratingsprovidedinAppendixE  arefromSeptember1995.XH Table42:RegionalToxicAirEmissionsbyInventoriedSourcefortheSouthwestLakeMichigan  L  PilotProjectStudyArea,1993: Thistable,beginningonpage30,summarizespollutantemissionsfor  8  eachSICcodeandareasourceincludedinthepilotstudy.Theinformationinthetableisdisplayedintwoparts.ThepageontheleftshowsthecontributionfromeachSICcodetothetotalemissionsofeachpollutant,inpounds.ThepageontherightdisplaysthepercentagecontributionfromeachSICtothetotalemissionsofeachpollutant.EachsetoffacingpagesshowdataforthesameSICs.AppendixDprovidesacomprehensivelistingofSICcodesavailableintheRAPIDSdatabase.HX- - Figures46through435:EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcesinthe  SouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993: #eXXXX3-#XXXeXThepiechartsbeginningonpage7]4]]]]3]showthe  percentageemissioncontributionsfromsmallpointsources(bySICcode)andareasources(bytype)tothetotalareasourceemissionsforeachoftheinventoriedpollutants.#eXXXX1#XXXeX(-XX#e(--(2##eXX-e( 3# XXXeX1986GreatLakesGovernorsToxicSubstancesControlAgreementand 4 CAASection112(m)#eXXXXs3# XXXeXmoXXXX oXXXoX  mE4  mE44݌̌XXXoX XXXX  Workingtogetheronthispilotproject,theGreatLakesstates,andparticularlytheleadstatesof  Illinois,Indiana,WisconsinandMichigan,havesetanationalexampleofcooperativeemissionsinventorydevelopmentacrossstates.Theeffortsthestateairagenciesareundertakingtogetherinthisproject,supportedbyU.S.EPA,isunprecedented#eXXXX&4#XXXeX.TheGreatLakesstateshavedevelopedandare  sharingwitheachotheracoreofexpertiseintoxicinventorydevelopment;infact,inMay1995theSWLMpilotstateshostedaregionaltrainingseminarattheU.S.EPAGLNPOofficeinChicago.Usingtheofficescomputertrainingfacility,thestatesofferedahandsonRAPIDStrainingprogramtoemissioninventoryspecialistsfromthestatesofMinnesota,NewYork,Ohio,Pennsylvania,OntarioandU.S.EPARegion5.PilotinventorystatepersonnelfromIllinois,Indiana,MichiganandWisconsineachdevelopedandtaughtcomponentsofthetwodaysession.AnimportantresultfromtheSWLMpilotinventoryisthatthestateslearnedhowtoconductamultistateinventoryandarenowpoisedforasuccessfulregionwide,eightstateeffort.TheconcreteimplicationsintermsofthegovernorsagreementandCAASection#eXXXX6#XXXeXԀ112(m)willbeseenin1996and  '#' thereafter.However,iftheSWLMpilotstudyhadnotbeenconducted,thepilotstudystatesexpectthatthequalityoftheresultsfromthefull,eightstateregionalinventorywouldbegreatlyreduced.#eXXXX:#XXXeXTheSWLMprojectbeganauniqueprocesswherebymultiplestatescollaboratedtodevelopcommon *t'+ client/serversoftware,andpopulatedandtestedacoresystemwhileworkingontheirownϜjurisdiction]]specificenhancementsandmadethesemodificationsavailabletootherstouseasneeded.Stateshaveagreedtomaintaintheabilitytopopulatetheregionalrepositorycoresystem,whilemodifyingtheirstatespecificsystemstomeettheirownevolvingneeds.#eXXXX;#XXXeX l.$+/  X/,0 MichiganandWisconsinhavemovedastepfurtherwithRAPIDSandbotharebuildingmajorRAPIDScomponentsintotheirstateemissioninventorysystems.TheMichigan#eXXXX=#XXXeXDepartmentof 4 EnvironmentalQualityestimatesthattheuseofRAPIDShassavedthestatebetween$300,000and$500,000,andperhapsmore.#eXXXX?#XXXeX#eXXXX?#XXXeX/eXXXXXXX&@/ 7XXXeX    u@   2  OVERVIEWOFTHERAPIDSSYSTEM@Lak 2@   u@@݌  ЌeXXX7X   XXXeXAcopyoftheRAPIDSsoftware(Version1.5)andusermanualmaybedownloadedviaanonymous  h ftpfromtheGreatLakesInformationNetwork(ftp.greatlakes.net/pub/greatlakes/RAPIDS/ver1_5).#eXXXXA#  T  RAPIDSisaclient/serversystemconsistingofanORACLE X!XXeX7#eXXX X!EC#Ԁbackenddatabasedesignedusing t ,  ORACLECASEtools,andasuiteoffrontendapplicationsdevelopedusingvarioussoftwaretools(primarilyPowerBuilder X!XXeX7#eXXX X!5D#ԀandSAS X!XXeX7#eXXX X!ɀD#).ThedesignoftheRAPIDSsystemisdepictedinFigure42. L  TheRAPIDSsystemincludesthefollowingcomponents:"0  AnORACLEbackenddatabaseconsistingofvariousORACLEdatatablesofemissionsdata  andestimateslocatedonaseparate(i.e.,separatefromthefrontendclientapplications)fileserverateachparticipatingstate. $$ ]xB2.p|0 `@pEbPa` x]]xB2.p|0 `@pEbZa` "x]"0  AsetofORACLEdatatablesofemissionsdataandestimateslocatedattheU.S.EPA P GLNPOofficecontainingemissionsdataandestimatesobtainedfromeachoftheparticipating $$                        .\+/ states(i.e.,aregionaldatabaseofemissionsdataandestimates).RAPIDSincludesaclient/applicationthatuploads(GLNPOUpload)eachstate'ssetofORACLEtablestothe 4 regionalrepositorylocatedatGLNPO. $$ "0  DataImportandDataExportclientapplicationsthatfacilitatetheimportofemissionsdata  andestimatesmaintainedbythestatesexternaltoRAPIDSintothebackenddatabase,andwhichfacilitatetheexportofdatafromthebackenddatabaseintoASCIIfiles(i.e.,importfileformat). $$ "0  AFIREUploadclient/application(thisapplicationisunderdevelopment)thatwilluploadthe  L  emissionfactorscontainedinFIRE(FactorInformationRetrievalSystem)intoareferencetableusedtocalculateemissions.FIREisanemissionfactordatabaserepositorydevelopedbyU.S.EPA.TheemissionfactorscontainedinFIREhavebeenincorporatedintoRAPIDSandusedwithinthesystemtocomputeemissionestimatesforcertainsourcecategories. $$ "0  AsetofDataEntryclient/applicationsdevelopedinPowerBuilderthatconsistofvarious   forms/screenstoenterdifferenttypesofemissionsdata,andemissionestimatesderivedexternaltoRAPIDS. $$ "0  EmissionEstimatorclient/applicationthatallowstheusertocomputeemissionestimatesusing  avarietyofemissionestimationtechniques(e.g.,productofactivitydataandanapprovedemissionfactor,speciationofeitherparticulatematterorVOCemissionestimatesoruserdefinedalgorithms)thatmatchpreestablishedSCC/compoundspecificmethodologieslistedintheprotocol.(Theprotocolisacomprehensivedocumentthatdescribesthemethodologiestheparticipatingstateswillusetocompiletheregionalinventory,includingtheprocedurestoresolvedifferencesofopinion.)AsampleemissionestimationscreenisdepictedinFigure43andshowsthevariousoptionsavailabletotheuserforestimatingemissions. $$ Ѐ"0  AQCCheckerclient/applicationthatperformsvariousstatisticalchecksontheemissionsdata  andestimatescontainedintheORACLEbackenddatabase.Duetotimeconstraints,thestatesdidnottesttheautomatedQCCheckerduringtheSWLMpilotproject.Section5,Conclusions,providesfurtherdiscussionoftheQCChecker.Figure51showsasampleQC  Checkerscreen. $$ XXXeX"0  AReportGeneratorconsistingofvariousclient/applicationsthatgeneratesummaryreportsof "X" theemissionsdataandestimatescontainedintheORACLEbackenddatabase. $$ "0  ADataConverterclient/applicationthatconvertstheemissionsdataandestimatesintothe d%"% U.S.EPAAIRSFacilitySubsystem(AFS)transactionrecords.DiscussionoftheRAPIDStoAIRSdataconverterisprovidedinSection5,Conclusions,underImplicationsforRAPIDS.<'#'$$ #eXXXXlU#  )%) ]xB2.p|0D[4! `@pEXv 7x $$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$]]xB2.p|0D[4! `@pEXv Ax] XXXeXDescriptionoftheRAPIDSDataModel #eXXXXܲ[# h  TheRAPIDSdatamodelisthecornerstoneoftheRAPIDSsystem.Itconsistsofacoredatamodelthatincludesentitiesthatarecommonorsharedbymostmissioncriticalapplications,suchasemissioninventory,permittingandcompliance.AsmoreapplicationsareaddedtotheRAPIDSsystem,thecoredatamodelwillbeextendedtoincludetheadditionalentities/attributesneededtosupportthesenewapplications.Assuch,thecoredatamodelisthefoundationuponwhichtheenterpriseisbuilt.Thestrongerthefoundation,themorerobusttheenterprise.TheRAPIDScoredatamodelcanbeviewedasconsistingofthefollowingModules:Geographic,Legal,Source,Device,Process,StreamandMaterial.RAPIDSisgeoreferencedandlocationscanbeenteredaseitherpoints,linesorpolygons.ThedataflowinRAPIDSisillustratedinFigure44.RAPIDSfollowsageographicsourcedeviceprocessstreamhierarchy.Atthegeographicsourcedevicelevels,physical/locationalinformationisstoredandmanaged.Everysourcetypehasaprocess,everyprocessislocatedatadeviceandevery D'#' deviceislocatedatasource.Processesareassociatedwithinputandoutputstreamsthattransfer 0($( energyandmaterialintoandoutoftheprocess.Outputstreamstransportairpollutantemissions(gaseousstreams),watercontaminants(liquidstreams),solidandhazardouswastematerials(solidstreams),andproducts(productstreams)generatedbyaprocess.Inputstreams/materialsfeeddevice/processcombinationsandaretransformedintooutputstreams/materials.Bothphysicalconnectivitybetweendevicesandlogicalconnectivityforvariousdevice/processcombinationsaretracked.Logicalconnectivityallowsthepropertrackingofstreamsfordifferent .\+/ device/processcombinationswhenthepathwayisprocessspecific.Forexample,aboilerburningoilmighthavedifferentcontrolsthanwhenthesameunitisburninggas.InRAPIDS,thatsituationwouldberepresentedbytwoseparateprocessesandthelogicalconnectivitywouldallowtheusertotracktheassociatedstreamsthroughdifferentpiecesofcontrolequipment.XXXeXThefeaturesoftheRAPIDSdatamodelthatprovidetheflexibilityneededtohandlemultimediaenvironmentaldatamanagementneeds,aswellascomplexityofdeviceandprocessconnections,areitemizedbelow. , c  ]J:6p|0u- .`-E%u &. *  $$V$V$]]J:6p|0u- .`-E%u 0. * ]ce"0    ceGg݌  Therearearelativelysmallnumberoftables  L  requiredtoquantifyandcharacterizesourcesofemissions.Thisisachievedbyadesignthatishighlytable-driven. $$ c  cih"0    Afullrecord,ratherthanasinglefield,isused 0  tostoreinformationonadataitem.Thisisameansofprovidingcompleteinformationonthedataitemofinterest,includingthecontext(when,whereandsubjectmaterial),confidentiality,andreferenceinformation(otherdocuments,whoandwhenthedatawereentered).Thisisreferredtoasa flexibleattributeformat,whichcontrastswiththefixedattributesusedinmostotherdatamodels(seediscussionbelowontheactivityrecordstructure).cihh݌ $$ Ќ  c  ck"0    Onlyasinglesourcetable,asingledevicetable , andasingleprocesstableisneededtocontaindataonalltypesofsources,devicesandprocesses,includingbothpointandareasources.ckk݌ $$ Ќ  c  cZl"0    Entitiescanbegroupedasneededandactivity !l! recordscanbeassociatedwithsuchgroups(e.g.,agroupofrelatedprocessesinuse V$$$$duringanoperatingscenario).cZlul݌ $$ Ќ  e ,e #eXXXXd#XXXeXActivityRecordStructure#eXXXXm#XXXeX  <'#' Thetraditionaldatamodelingapproachforstoringthevalueofadataiteminadatabaseistheuseofafixedattributefieldforthatdataitem.Thatfieldisincludedinatablealongwithotherdataitemsusedtoquantifyorqualifytheobjectofinterest.Forexample,thevalueoftemperatureofaprocesswouldhaveafieldcalledTEMPERATUREincludedinatableforthesubjectprocess;theunits(FahrenheitorCelsius)wouldnotbecodedbutwouldbeimpliedandlistedinthedatadictionaryforthedatabase.  -p*. ThemethodusedinRAPIDSforstoringnearlyallattributeinformationisanactivityrecord.An activityrecordcancontainanytypeofdata(e.g.,temperature,tankcolor,emissions),anyformofdata(i.e.,numeric,characterorlogical),andinformationonanyentityinthedatabase:Geographic,Legal,Source,Device,Process,StreamandMaterial.Thismethodofstoringdataisreferredtoasa"flexibleattribute"method.Althoughtheactivityrecordmethodrequiresmoredatastorage,itprovidesmuchgreaterflexibility.Figure45showshowtheflexibleandfixedattributemethodscompare.Inthisfigure,aFloatingRoofTankTablehasbeendesignedasafixedattributetabletouseasinglerecordtorecordallphysicalparameters.Theunitsandtimeperiodassociatedwiththedataintheserecordsarenotexplicitlystoredinthedatabase;theunitsarepredefinedinthedatadictionary(anddisplayedinahardcodedtable)andtheyearisunderstoodorincludedinthenameofthedatabase.Intheflexibleapproach,thephysicalparametersoffloatingrooftanksareincludedinasingleActivityTablewhichcontainsallparameters,includingphysicalparametersondevices.TheActivityTableusesonerecordforeachparameterstored;ametricisusedtodefinetheparameter(discussedfurtherbelow).Valuesoftheparametercanbecharacter,numericorlogical.TheActivityTableincludesthestartdate/timeandtheenddate/timefortheperiodoverwhichthevalueofthatparameterwasvalid;ablankenddate/timeindicatesthatthevalueiscurrentlyvalid.Useofstartandenddate/timeprovidestheflexibilitytocodeanytimeperiod,notjustafixedtimeperiodimplicitlyusedforagiventable.Inaddition,thisapproachmakespossibletheinclusionofpreviousvaluesofthesameparameterwiththedate/timethatthevaluechanged(asshownincolumnfourofFigure45forthecolorofthetank).Theunitsareexplicitlycoded;thisallowsforentryofanyvalidunits(sothatunitsdonotneedtobemanuallyconvertedtotherequirementsofthedatabase)andmakesautomationofunitconversionrelativelyeasy.]xB2.p|0M `EDx ($($$$]]xB2.p|0M `EDx]Ametricisacodethatidentifiesaspecifictypeofdatathatcanbemeasuredandrecordedinanactivityrecord.Metricsaredefinedforthedatatypesofinterest.ExamplesofmetriccodesarePROTEMP,VOLRATE,DISCHARGE,andIDPTAFSforthetemperatureofaprocess,theratethatavolumeofmaterialcanflowinastream,themassofmaterialdischargedintotheenvironmentandtheAIRSidentificationnumberforapointofdischarge,respectively.ThecompletecontentsofaRAPIDSactivityrecordareasfollows: .T+/($($ c  c|"0    Thespecificsource, device,processorstreamwithwhichthevalueisassociated;c||݌H$$ Ќ  c  c}"0    Metric--acodedescribingthetypeofactivitydata(e.g.,temperature,massflowofemissions,   colorofatank,IDnumberusedinanothersystem);c}}݌ $$ Ќ  c  c~"0    StartDate/Time--thedateandtimeatthebeginningoftheperiodoftheactivitydatarecorded;c~~݌$$ Ќ  c  c"0    EndDate/Time--thedateandtimeattheendoftheperiodoftheactivitydatarecorded(may  t bethesameastheStartDate/Timeforaneventorblankifthevaluecontinuestobethecurrentvalue);c݌ $$ Ќ  c  c"0    Material--aname/codedescribingthetypeofmaterialwithwhichastreamormaterialactivity l $  datarecordisassociated(e.g.,anemittant,product,fuel,chemicalorliquidwaste);c݌ $$ Ќ  c  cS"0    ValueType--acodeidentifyingthebasisonwhichaproductionoremissionratevaluewas 0  developed(allowed,maximum,minimum,average,designcapacityorpotential#eXXXXWn# X!XXeXC#eXXX X!x#XXXeXthisfieldis   blankforactualdata);cSn݌ $$ Ќ  c  cO"0    Value--thedataquantifyingorqualifyingtheactivitydata(includingnumericandtext  information);cOj݌ $$ Ќ  c  cM"0    Units--acodefortheunitsoftheactivitydatavalue(ifany);cMh݌\$$ Ќ  c  c"0    Confidential--aflagfortheconfidentialstatusofthedata;c5݌|4$$ Ќ  c  c"0    Method--acodeforthemethodusedtogeneratetheactivitydata(e.g.,emissionfactor);c݌T $$ Ќ  c  cʇ"0    Reference--thetypeandidentificationofotherinformationassociatedwithhowthisvaluewas , generated;andcʇ݌ $$ Ќ  c  cЈ"0    Entrydocumentation--acodeforwhoenteredthedataandthedatewhenitwasentered.cЈ݌$$ Ќ  Thepowerandflexibilityoftheactivityrecordapproachofstructuringattributedataisevidentbythefactthatanewdataitemcanbeaddedtothedatabasesimplybydefininganewmetric.Thetimeperiodofthedataiscompletelyflexible.Nothingintheactivityrecordisimplied;thetimeperiod,unitsofmeasureandmaterialmeasuredareenteredexplicitly.Theoriginalvaluewithitsunitsofmeasurecanbereportedasactuallyrecordedratherthanusingconvertedunitsthatdonotcorrespondtotheoriginaldocumentation.#eXXXX# Conceptually,RAPIDSisaprocessorientedsystem.TheparadigmthatRAPIDSfollowsistoperformamassbalanceonalldevice/processcombinationsforanytimeperiodofinterestatagivensource(i.e.,facility).XXXeXIttreatsasourceasacontrolvolume.Insidethatcontrolvolumearesmallercontrolvolumes )%) (i.e.,devices)whereprocessesoccur.Amassbalance(i.e.,atrackingofallinputandoutputstreams/materials)foreachprocessatadeviceistracked,andinthismanner,amassbalanceontheentiresourcecanbeperformed,ifdesired.#eXXXX#XXXeXStreamsthatentertheenvironmentareactuallyidentifiedas +(, adifferentvariable(i.e.,dischargeascomparedtomass/volumeflow).Inthismannerallstreamsaretrackedandcharacterizedbytheirphysicalstate(e.g.,gaseous,liquid,solid,etc...)andassociated materials,andnotwhethertheyarewasteorproductstreams.#eXXXX#ԀRAPIDS,initsconceptualformulation, .T+/ canbeextendedtoincludeallmedia,includingbothwasteandproductstreams,inoneintegrateddatabase,andcouldfunctionasamultimediaenterprisesystem.  XXXeXNewSource,DeviceandProcessCodes#eXXXX7#   RAPIDSincludesitsownsetofsource,deviceandprocesscodes(RAPIDSprocesscodesaredifferentfromSCCandAMScodes;however,itispossibletomapthelattercodestotheirRAPIDSequivalent).TheseRAPIDScodesarenotspecifictoaparticularcategorizationofemissionsources,(e.g.,pointorarea,asiscommoninmostotherinventorysystems).Therefore,allsources,devicesandprocessesinRAPIDS,oranygroupingoftheseentities,canusethesameRAPIDScodes.Forexample,thedevicecode DRYCLEANINGEQUIPMENTisusedforallsuchequipment,whetheritisanareasource(i.e.,agroupofdrycleaningequipmentassociatedwithagroupofdrycleaningfacilities)orapointsource(i.e.,aspecificpieceofdrycleaningequipmentataspecificdrycleaningfacility).̀ XXXeXCommonTreatmentofPointandAreaSources#eXXXX#   OneoftheuniquefeaturesofRAPIDSisitscommontreatmentofpointandareaemissionsources.Inmostsystems/databases,pointandareasourcesaretreateddifferently,andtheresultingemissionestimatesaretypicallystoredinseparatedatabases,oneforpointsourcesandanotherforareassources.RAPIDStreatsallsourcetypes,whethertheyarepointorarea(orevenmobile),inthesamemanner.ThekeytothecommontreatmentofpointandareasourcesistheabilityofRAPIDStoaccommodategroupsofsources,devicesand/orprocesses.Asourcecanbeanindustrialfacility,suchasalargedrycleaningfacilityorautility(examplesoftypicalpointsources),orusingthegroupingcapabilityofRAPIDS,agroupofsmalldrycleaners.Adevicecanbeapieceofstationaryindustrialequipment,suchastheequipmentusedtodrycleanclothesoraboiler,or,again,usingthegroupingcapability,agroupofdrycleaningequipment,agroupofboilersatanindustrialfacilityoragroupoffuelburningequipmentassociatedwithagroupofhomes.AnexampleofhowRAPIDSwouldtreatdrycleanersasanareasourceisasfollows.Theuserwouldcreateasourcegroupthatincludedalldrycleanersinagivencounty.Thenadevicegroupthatincludedalldrycleaningequipmentassociatedwiththedrycleaningestablishmentsthatweremembersoftheabovementionedsourcegroupwouldbecreated.Followingthisparadigm,aprocessgroupwouldbecreatedfortheabovementioneddevicegroupwithinputandoutputstreams.Theemissionsassociatedwiththegroupofdrycleaningestablishmentswouldbestoredontheoutputstreamoftheprocessgroup.Thisformulationallowstheusertheflexibilitytotreatlargedrycleaningfacilitiesasdiscretepointsourcesandtheremainingsmallerdrycleaningestablishmentsinacountyasagroupofsources.Treatingpointandareasourcetypesthesame,bothinthestructureofthedatabaseandthecodesusedforthesetypes(seebelow),facilitatesreconciliationbetweenthesetwotypesofemissionsources.Doublecountingofemissionscanbeeasilyavoidedastheemissionsassociatedwiththelargedrycleaningfacilitycanbesubtractedfromtheemissionsassociatedwiththesourcegroup.Inthismanner,alltypicalareasourcecategoriescanbeaccommodatedusingthesamesource/device/ .d+/ process/streamparadigmusedtocharacterizetypicalpointsources.Insteadofusingpointandareasources,theusersimplydecideswhenitismoreconvenienttostoreandmanageinformationatthe member(i.e.,adiscretesource/device/process)orthe group(i.e.,agroupofsource/device/processes)level.Differenttreatmentscanbeusedfordifferentpurposes.Forthedrycleaningexample,riskassessmentstudiesmayrequiretreatingevensmalldrycleanersasdiscretesources;however,photochemicalmodelingstudiesmightonlyneedtocharacterizeemissionsfromdrycleanersatthecountylevel(i.e.,agroupofdrycleaningestablishmentslocatedinagivencounty). XXXeXOverviewofEmissionEstimationinRAPIDS   L  #eXXXX܋#XXXeXTheRAPIDSdatamodelallowsforverycomplexmaterialflowrelationsamongdevices.The t ,  EmissionEstimatorwasdesignedtotrackandrecordtheamountofamaterialofinterest(i.e.,emittants)flowingintoandoutofeachprocessasthematerialflowsdownstream.Theterminologyusedtodefinevariousdevicesrelativetotheirflowcharacteristicsisasfollows:c  c"0    Anoriginatingdeviceisadevicethatcreatesastreamandhasnoinputsofthatemittant(andis  thedevicewheretheSCCAMScodeisstored);cϣ݌ $$ Ќ  c  cݤ"0    Astackdeviceisadevicethatdischargesastreamintotheenvironmentwithoutalteringthe  amountsoftheemittantinvolved;andcݤ݌ $$ Ќ  c  c"0    Acontroldeviceisadevicethatalterstheamountoftheemittantinastreamasthatstream P passesthroughthedevice.c݌ $$ Ќ  Ingeneral,thesedefinitionsareemittantspecific.Adevicecouldcreateonematerialstreamandalteranothermaterialstream(e.g.,ascrubberreducesSO2gasandcreatesaliquidwastecontainingsulfur H compounds).TheRAPIDSEmissionEstimatorassumesthatalldevicesfitoneofthesecategoriesregardlessoftheemittant.ThecalculatedemissionsforagivenexecutionoftheEmissionEstimatorarestoredintheActivityTableforastream.Summaryreports,suchastheSourceDetailReportandtheTier123Report,aregeneratedbyreadingtheActivityTablerecordscontainingthisdata.ThefollowingMetricCodesareusedtoidentifytheamountofmaterialinastreamActivityTable:c  c"0    MASSFLOWistheamountofmaterialthattravelsthroughaconnectiontoanotherdevice; $8!$ andc݌ $$ Ќ  c  cު"0    DISCHARGEistheamountofmaterialthatisdischargedtotheenvironment.cު݌D'#'$$ Ќ  Allstreamshavetheamountofmaterialflowinginastreamusingoneofthesemetriccodes.TheMASSFLOWandDISCHARGEofemissionsfromanoriginatingdeviceisthesameasuncontrolledemissions.Reportingofemissionsrequiresthattheemissionsenteringtheatmosphere(i.e.,controlledemissions)beassociatedwithanSCCAMScodewhichisstoredwiththeoriginatingdevice.RAPIDSidentifiestheseemissionswiththedevicethatdischargedtheemissions,notthedevicefromwhichtheemissions .\+/ originated.Inordertofacilitatereportingofcontrolledemissions,RAPIDSusesathirdMetricCodetocoverthiscase.TheMetricCodeDOWNSTRMDIS(fordownstreamdischarge)istheamountofmaterialthatwascreatedinanoriginatingdeviceandactuallydischargedtotheenvironment.Downstreamdischargeiscalculatedbysummingindividualdischargesofemissionscreatedbytheoriginatingdevice(i.e.,stackemissionsandfugitiveemissions).RAPIDSwritesaDOWNSTRMDISActivityTablerecordattheoutputstreamoftheoriginatingdevice.Themethodsthatcanbeusedtocalculateemissionsare:0  c  c6"0` $$  MassBalance;c6Q݌ L ` $` $ Ќ  0  c  c"0` $$  EmissionFactors(usinggenericandsourcespecificemissionfactors);andc݌l $ ` $` $ Ќ  0  c  cб"0` $$  Speciation(usinggenericandsourcespecificspeciationfactors).cб݌D ` $` $ Ќ  Themethod(s)applicabletoanysource,device,processandmaterialareidentifiedintheprotocoldocumentandthenincorporatedintoRAPIDS.Thishelpsensureconsistencyamongallusersincalculatingemissionestimatesforagivensourcecategory.#eXXXX#  XXXeX  p Мg#eXXXXݳ# XXXeXPiechartswerenotcreatedforthefollowing19pollutantsduetothelackof H inventoriedsourcedata:#eXXXXJ#XXXeX AtrazineChlordaneCokeovenDiethylhexylphthalateDi-n-butylphthalateDi-n-octylphthalateDioxins;2,3,7,8,equivalentHeptachlorHexachlorobenzeneHexachlorobutadieneHexachloroethaneAlkylatedPbcompoundsMethoxychlorParathionPentachloronitrobenzenePentachlorophenol2,4,5Trichlorophenol2,4,6TrichlorophenolTrifluralin#eXXXX #  X A4p) xdEPAXXXeXag,hXXXXiXX     0$Table of Contents0ag  5.Conclusions 4$Table of Contents4agݷ݌ H Ќ,hiiXXi    ̛̜̜#eXXXX#XXXeXThethreestatesthatconductedtheSWLMstudybelievethatthetoxicairemissionestimates D  containedinSection4,Results,ofthisreportandavailableforU.S.EPAandGreatLakesstateonline 0  reviewattheregionalrepositoryattheU.S.EPAGreatLakesNationalProgramOfficeinChicago,representthebestsinglecompilationofsuchestimates.Thepilotstudysconclusionsfocusonwaystoimprovetheemissionestimationprotocol,enhancequalitycontrolofmultistatetoxicinventoriesofemissionsfromlargeandsmallsources,streamlineautomatedproceduresandoutlinenextstepsinreachingthegoalofinstitutionalizingafulleightstatetoxicairemissionsinventory.#eXXXX##XXXeXTheemissionestimatesprovidedhereinmustbeviewedasapiloteffort; \  areasourceemissionestimationtechniquesforurbanareasintheGreatLakesregionwillimproveovertimeasthelessonslearnedinthiseffortareincorporatedbythestatesandasnewemissionfactorsarepropagatedforthetoxicsofinterest.Duringthenextfewyears,theGreatLakesstateswillbeworkingtogethertoinventorythetargetlistoftoxicsfromallsourcesintheregion.Oncetheeightstate,regionwideinventoryiscompletedandqualityassured,thecompileddatacanbeusedtosupportstudiesontherelativeimpactsoftheinventoriedemissionsandregulatorydecisions.#eXXXXI#XXXeX̛/eXXXXXXXB/ 7XXXeX    烓  IMPLICATIONSFORTHEPROTOCOL 烓݌  ЌeXXX7X   +XXXXXXeX+#eXXXXܞ#cXXXeXThepilotstudyprovidedatrialrunfortheGreatLakesAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocol.The ` threestatesthatparticipatedinthepilotstudyusedtheprotocolindevelopingtheirportionsofthepilotinventory.Withthisexperience,theprotocolcanberefinedtoaddressissuesthataroseduringthepilotstudy.moXXXcX oXXXoX  mp  PollutantSubsetsmp݌ D!  ЌcXXXoX cXXXcX  XXXcXItwillmostlikelybenecessarytoaddawholesectiontotheprotocolonpollutantcategoriesandhow $#" toreconcileautomatedestimateswithwhatisknownaboutthe realworldemissionofthesepollutants,includinghowtointerpretthedata.TheminimumgoaloftheSWLMpilotstudywastouseemissionfactorstoestimateemissionsofhazardousairpollutants.Goingtothenextlevelwouldinvolverectifyingthegroup/groupmembersrelationships.Thefollowingisdraftmethodology,preparedbytheSWLMstates,thatwillbeconsideredbytheGreatLakesCommissionRegionalEmissionsInventoryofToxicAirContaminantsSteeringCommittee.̜#cXXXXv# XXXcXDraftMethodologyforQualityAssurance/QualityControlofPollutantSubsetsforthe 4.*. AirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStates#cXXXXl#  /+/ ЇXXXcXMethodology: H 1.0  Identifypollutantsthathavesubsets.Forexample,see#cXXXX#XXXcXԀFigure41.Otherexamplesinclude: $$   -chromeVIandtotalchrome  -anyothers,H z  -shouldorganicmaterialbefullyinventoried(i.e.reactive,non-reactive,chain,ring,POM,etc.)?H, z̜ 2.0  Dosubsetsincludepollutantsnotbeinginventoried?Forexample,PAHalsoincludespyrene.v .&&    -identifythesecases  -shouldthesepollutantsbeinventoried?  -whatemissionfactorsareavailable?3.0  Identifycasesinstate'sdatawheregroupmembersemissionsaregreaterthangroup   emissions.Makeaspecialnoteofgroupmembersemissionsthatdonothaveagroupemission.Correctthereport. $$ 4.0  Identifyemissionfactors(inFIRE,RAPIDSoranyotherreferenceused)havinggroup h  memberemissionfactorsgreaterthangroupemissionfactors(orgroupemissionfactorsnotpresent). $$   -researchthesefactorstoseehowtheycameaboutandapplytoeachother  -selectproperfactor  -changeprotocol(RAPIDS)toupdatefactors  -suggestupdates/correctionstoFIRE  -recalculateemissions#cXXXX1# N Л 7XXXcX    1  ClarifyingtheListofPollutants 1݌ Z ЌcXXX7X   XXXcXMetals#cXXXXD#  &  Metalsareinconsistentlylistedinthelistoftargetcompounds(Table21).Thestatesagreedtoclarifytheirintentto inventorybothelementalandcompoundreleases bymakingthefollowingchanges:   ExistingTargetCompounds󀀀ProposedChange L  МCobalt `    Cobaltandcompounds v .! Chromium   Chromiumandcompounds X!" Mercury   Mercuryandcompounds :"# Copper   Copperandcompounds #$ Lead `    Leadandcompounds # % Nickel `    Nickelandcompounds $!& ҜThesechangeswillbereflectedintheprotocoldocument. XXXcXԛ fPAHs/POMs#cXXXX#  h( %* WithregardtotheissueofPAHsandPOMs,thesubcommitteerecommendedthatdiscussionamongtheeightstatescenterontheproposaltoaddall16PAHstotheinventorywhileleavingPAHinasagroupcategory.Ifaccepted,thisproposalwouldrequirethattheprotocolbemodified.Adecisionalsoisrequiredconcerningwhether2,3,7,8TCDDequivalentsshouldbekeptonthetargetcompoundlist.Thisquestionalsomayrequiremodificationoftheprotocol.TheSWLMsubcommitteewillraisethisissueatanearly1996meetingofthefullcommittee. 3/+2  7XXXcX    烟  QualityAssurance/QualityControl 烟݌ H ЌcXXX7X   AcomprehensiveQualityAssurance/QualityControl(QA/QC)PlanisincludedasAppendixAoftheprotocol.Chapters4and5oftheQA/QCPlanincludeavarietyofstatisticalchecksonthequalityofthenumericalinventoryresultsandstipulatethattheRAPIDSsoftwaremaybeusedasthetoolformakingthesechecks. TheautomatedQA/QCchecksbuiltintotheRAPIDSsoftwarewerenotfullydevelopedandtestedatthetimethestatespreparedtheirpilotinventories.OtherQA/QCchecksinRAPIDS(e.g.SICvalidationchecks)wereimplementedandprovedtobevaluable.Therefore,manyofthespecificstatisticalchecksprescribedintheprotocolwerenotperformedaspartofthepilotinventoryeffort.However,eachstatemadesignificanteffortstomanuallycheckthequalityoftheirdatabeforeincludingitinthisreport.Furthermore,eachstateadheredtothoseportionsoftheQA/QCPlanwhichdidnotrequiretheuseofautomatedstatisticalchecks.Finally,thestateshaveformedacommitteetodirectadditionalanalysisofthedata(seeAppendixH).TheQA/QCcommitteewillfurtherdefinethemanualchecksnecessarytoensureanaccurateregionalinventory.  TheefficacyoftheRAPIDSautomatedQA/QCcheckscannotbeevaluatedatthistime;thus,thepilotstatesarecurrentlyunabletocompletelyevaluatetheeffectivenessandusefulnessoftheQA/QCportionoftheprotocol.ThisshouldbeahigherpriorityduringPhaseThreeoftheregionalinventoryeffort. x 7XXXcX      ConsistencyAcrossSourceCategoriesInventoriedbytheStates )݌ ! ЌcXXX7X   Theprotocolindicatesthatinorderforastate'sinventorytobeconsideredcomplete,theinventorymustbecomprehensive;thatis,itmustincludeemissionestimatesfromeverysource/sourcecategorybelievedtoemitoneormoreofthetargetpollutants.Thestatescompilingthispilotinventoryfacedtimeandresourceconstraintsthatmadeitimpossibleforanyofthemtodevelopcomprehensiveinventoriesthatfullysatisfytheprotocol.Eachstatedidthemostcomprehensiveinventoryitcould,giventheseconstraints.Consequently,thespecificcategoriesinventoriedbyeachstatevaried,foratleasttworeasons.First,somestateshadaccesstoreadilyavailabledata(e.g.,gasolineservicestationsales)thatotherstatesdidnothave.Andsecond,somestatesalreadyhadin-stateinitiatives(e.g.,toxicemissionreportingrules),whichoverlappedwiththegoalsofthisinventoryandallowedthemtoprovidemoreextensivedata.OneimplicationofthisfindingisthatthestatesparticipatingintheregionalinventoryinPhaseThreeshouldconsiderdroppingthecomprehensivenessrequirementfromtheprotocolinfavorofminimum !$ criteriaforacceptance.Inotherwords,thestatesshouldreachagreementeverytimeaninventoryis "_% preparedonwhattheminimumcriteriaareforcompleteness,thenencourageeachothertoexceedthestatedminimums.Thisapproachwasadoptedinthepiloteffortandeachstatewasabletoexceedtheminimumcriteriaforacceptance.̛ 7XXXcX   0$Table of Contents0   IMPLICATIONSFORRAPIDS 4$Table of Contentsk4 ݌ 'O$+ ЌcXXX7X   Aswiththeprotocol,thepilotstudyprovidedanopportunitytoutilizetheRAPIDSsoftwareinamultistateemissionsinventoryeffort.Thethreestatesusedthesystemincompilingtheirportionofthepilotinventory.DuringthecourseoftheSWLMproject,thestatestooktheRAPIDSsoftwareallthewayfromdatamodeldesignthroughsoftwaredevelopmenttotestingandimplementation.Consideringthetighttimelineoftheprojectandthelargesoftwaredesign,developmentandtestingtask,somecomponentsoftheRAPIDSsoftwarewerenottestedtotheextentthestateswouldhavepreferred.Thosecomponentsrequiringfurtherdevelopmentandtestinginclude:QCChecker,ϜRAPIDStoAIRSFacilitySubsystem(AFS)uploadandautomatedFIREupload. b/,4 ЇTheGreatLakesstateshaveagreedtooptimizethespeedoftheEmissionEstimationmoduledesignedundertheSWLMproject.Workisalreadyunderwaytooptimizethespeedoftheimport/exportmodule.Thisworkshouldbecompletedinlate1995orearly1996.MinnesotahastakentheleadindevelopinganAFStoRAPIDSconverter.ThismoduleshouldproveusefulforanumberofjurisdictionsinterestedinexportingAIRSdatatotheRAPIDSsystemandthenworkingfromtheretoestimatetoxicemissions.Asofthiswriting,eachoftheeightGreatLakesstatesisexpectedtorunacopyoftheRAPIDSsoftwareintheirairqualitymanagementagency.Thesoftwarewillbeusedtocalculatetoxicairemissionsandprovideinternalqualityassurancechecksonthestatedatageneratedexternally.EachstatewillusetheRAPIDStoGLNPOuploadmechanismtotransmitpointandareasourcedatatotheregionalrepositoryattheU.S.EPAGLNPOoffice.̜ XXXcXQCChecker#cXXXXR#    XH ӜTheQCCheckerscreendepictedinFigure51showsthevariousoptionsavailabletotheuserforperformingthesestatisticalchecks.TheefficacyoftheRAPIDSautomatedQA/QCcheckscannotbeevaluatedatthistime;thisshouldbeahighpriorityduringPhaseThreeoftheregionalinventoryeffort.ItalsoislikelythatadditionalstatisticalcheckswillbeaddedtotheQCCheckerapplicationovertime.HX  f]xB2.p|0I `@pEIIISx]]xB2.p|0I `@pEIII]x] $$̛̜ XXXcXR \)&+ APIDSto AF .*0 SDataConverter#cXXXX#  H  ADataConverteristheclient/applicationthatconvertstheemissionsdataandestimatesintotheU.S.EPAAFStransactionrecords.AsampleAIRSConverterscreenisdepictedinFigure52andshowsthevariousoptionsavailabletotheuserforcreatingAFStransactionrecordsfromRAPIDS.ThecurrentversionofthisapplicationonlyconvertsthosedataelementsthatarerequiredtomeettheminimumsystemrequirementsofAIRSandallowthesubmittaltobeaccepted;thesedataelementsdonotconstituteanacceptableorcompleteSIPinventorysubmittal.TheAIRSconverterapplicationwillneedtobeupgradedtoconvertcertainadditionaldataelementsinordertoprovideAIRSwithalloftheinformationrequiredforaSIPsubmittal.TheRAPIDStoAFSdataconverterwillbetestedunderPhaseThreeaswellastheAFStoRAPIDSdataconverterdevelopedduringPhaseThreeundertheleadershipofthestateofMinnesota.̜]~dH 84r|0  `@p@EN8d % ~ $$                        $$]]~dH 84r|0  `@p@ENPd / ~] XXXcXIMPLICATIONSFORFIRE#cXXXX9#  l%$"% TheU.S.EPAFactorInformationRetrieval(FIRE)systemisusedtopopulatethedefaultemissionfactorsinRAPIDS(i.e.,type=G).TheemissionfactorsfromtheFIRE(Version3.0,datedSeptember1994)wereloadedintoRAPIDSin1995andusedintheSWLMpilotinventory.(The4.0versionofFIREwasinternalandneverreleased;the5.0versioncontainedstructuralchangesonlyforusewiththeCDROMrelease.)AnupdatedversionofFIRE(Version5.1,datedSeptember1995)hasbeenincorporatedintoRAPIDSfortheeightstateeffort.Thisversioncontainsareviseddatastructureandnumerousadditionalemissionfactors,andusesanupdatedversionoftheSCC-AMScodes.Thesecodeshavebeenexpanded,includinganewsetofSCCcodesstartingwith6thatcoverMACTsources,andhave a/,0 reviseddefinitionsthatenhancetheirinternalconsistency.TheupdatedSCC-AMScodesanddefinitionsareincludedwiththefactordatainFIRE.̜XXXcX#cXXXX#XXXcX EmissionFactorDevelopment #cXXXX#XXXcX  TheGreatLakesstatesareusingemissionfactorsfromFIREVersion3.0.Thestatesrecognizethat,insomecases,theemissionfactorsinFIREarenotspecificenoughtobefullyapplicabletothedifferentchemicalformsofcertainpollutants.Insomecases,itisnotcertainifanemissionfactorisforapollutantorforoneofitscompounds.Forexample,itisnotclearwhethertheemissionfactorinFIREforSCC10100202(formercuryof1.6e5lb/millionBTUheatinput)includesonlyelementalmercury,mercurycontainedinthecompound,specificcompoundsofmercuryorallcompoundsofmercury.Thisissuewillrequirefurtherconsiderationbythestates.#cXXXX5# XXXcXAutomatedFIREUpload#cXXXX2#     Atthepresenttime,theRAPIDSsystemcannotexecuteadirectuploadofFIREdata.Thefollowingdiscussionpresentssomeoftheoptionsthestateswillconsiderduringthenextphaseoftheproject.ThemostimportantFIREdatastructuremodificationsareinclusionoffieldsthatfacilitateautomateduploadingofFIREemissionfactorsintoRAPIDS.ThesechangesweremadebyEPAinresponsetoGLC/staterequeststomodifyFIREtofacilitatetheimportofemissionfactorsintoRAPIDS.Thesefields,whichareusedbyRAPIDS,are:̀denominatorunit(ef_units_d);and̀denominatormaterial(ef_mat).̜Thesetwofieldswereaddedtobothfactortables(criteriaandtoxics)andtotheSCC-AMSdefinitiontable,whichcontainstheSCC-AMSstandardunits.moXXXcX oXXXoX  m  RequiredFIREDataModificationsm ݌ ; ЌcXXXoX cXXXcX  +XXXXXXcX+Aspresentlypopulated,thesefieldscannotbeusedtogeneratetheRAPIDS-equivalentdenominatorunitanddenominatormaterialcodes.Thedenominatormaterialfieldhasbeenonlypartiallypopulatedorisoverlygeneral(e.g., coalratherthan anthracitecoal).Thedenominatorunitfieldisnotconsistentlycoded(e.g.,Feet,FtandFootareallvalid).Theseproblemsareprimarilyduetothefactthatthesetwofieldsarenotconstrainedtomatchanyconvention.Inaddition,therearesomeerrorsinthedenominatorunitdata(e.g.,acres/yrandBTU-hr).InordertocompletetheRAPIDSFIREUploadapplication,thedenominatormaterialandunitfieldsmustbemanuallypopulated.However,ifthesubjectFIREfieldsarecorrectedandmadeconsistentbyEPA,thisproblemwouldberesolved./cXXXXXXX/moXXXcX oXXXoX  mS   ݜStartandEndDatesforEmissionFactorsmS  ݌ F)%* ЌcXXXoX cXXXcX  TheFIREsystemdoesnotmaintainanyinformationonemissionfactorsthatarereplaced(eitherbecausethevaluewasrevisedorbecauseofachangeintheorganizationofSCC-AMScodes).TheemissionfactorscontainedinanyoneversionofFIREareconsideredvalidonlyduringthereleaseperiodofthatversion. .p+0 EmissioncalculationsmadeusingtheEmissionEstimatorApplicationusetheemissionfactorsfoundintheRAPIDSFactorTable.ReplacingpreviousFIREfactorswithupdatedFIREfactorsinRAPIDSwillresultinhavingcalculatedemissionsforwhichtheemissionfactorusedisnolongerinthedatabase.̜OnepossiblesolutionisthattheemissionfactorsthatarereplacedcouldcontinuetobestoredinRAPIDSbyspecifyingastartdate/timeandenddate/timeoverwhichthosefactorsarevalid.Unfortunately,thereiscurrentlynowaytospecifyastartdate/timeandanenddate/timeforfactorsinRAPIDS.Withtheadditionofstartdate/timeandstopdate/timefieldstoRAPIDS,thesoftwarewillbeabletostoreallemissionfactors(aswellasanyotherfactorsthathaveadaterange)everused.OutdatedfactorswillbeabletobeviewedalongwithcurrentfactorstoidentifychangesthathaveoccurredtothesefactorsasthedatainFIREevolves.TheFIREUploadApplicationwouldneedtoberunseparatelybyeachRAPIDSuserinordertoenterthedateatwhichtheirsystemswitchedfromoneversionofFIREdatatoanother. 7XXXcX    G  IMPLICATIONSFORTHEFULLEIGHTSTATEREGIONALINVENTORYANDNEXT W STEPS G݌̌cXXX7X   DuringtheSWLMpilotinventorytheGreatLakesstatesdevelopedmethodologyandmechanismswithwhichtoconductamultistateinventory;thestatesarenowpoisedforasuccessfulregionwide,eightstateeffort.EachGreatLakesstatewillfollowtheGreatLakesAirToxicsEmissionsInventory 2 Protocolindevelopingastatewideinventoryofemissionsfrompointandareasources.Thestateswill  electronicallypopulatetheregionsinventoryrepository,assuretheregionalinventorysqualityandapproveaccesstothedataforU.S.EPAandstateresearchers.DatasummariesandreportswillbemadeavailabletopolicymakersandthepublicviatheGreatLakesInformationNetworkontheInternet.Thefirstregionalinventoryeffortwillcompilefullstate1993calendaryeardatafortheeightGreatLakesstates.ThiswillbethesecondpilotimplementationoftheRAPIDS/protocolsystem.Beginningwith1995calendaryeardataandthereafter,thestateswillcompileyearlyinventories,followingtheprocessdevelopedundertheSWLMpilotinventoryandthefirstregionalpilotinventory.BaseyeardatawithwhichtosupportpublicpolicydecisionsunderthetermsofthegovernorsagreementandCAASection112(m)willbereleasedin1996andupdatedyearlythereafter.TheSWLMprojectbeganauniqueprocesswherebymultiplestatescollaborateonthedevelopmentofcommonclient/serversoftwareandpopulateandtestacoresystemwhileworkingontheirownjurisdictionspecificenhancements,makingthesemodificationsavailabletootherstouseasneeded.Stateshaveagreedtomaintaintheabilitytopopulatetheregionalrepositorycoresystem,whilemodifyingtheirstatespecificsystemstomeettheirownevolvingneeds.Animportantcomponentofthesuccessoftheregionalemissionsinventoryeffortistherespect,cooperationandtrustdevelopedamongthestateairagenciesandU.S.EPApersonnelworkingonthisproject.Withoutthis,theeightstateprojectwouldnothavehappened.   +', X cXcXicA4p) xdEPA6.Appendices#ci#c#XX#     (\%( ag4pXXXXiXX     ag  0$Table of Contents0A4p) xdEPAAppendixA:IllinoisToxicEmissionsInventoryag݌ H Ќ4piXX    4$Table of Contents4  7XXXX   0$Table of Contents0 g  BACKGROUND g݌ D  ЌXXX7X   4$Table of Contents4Foritspartinthepilotstudy,Illinoisdevelopedanairtoxicemissionsinventoryforcalendaryear1993forthegreaterChicagourbanarea,includingthecountiesofCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWill.Thesevencountyareahasa1990populationof7,296,513,representing80percentofthetotalpopulationoftheoverallstudyarea.ThetablebelowprovidesabriefdemographicoverviewofthesevencountiesincludedinIllinoisportionoftheregionalinventory.#cXXXX#XXXcX   DemographicCharacteristicsfortheIllinoisRegion d  oftheSouthwestLakeMichiganAirToxicsPilotStudyArea #cXXXX #XXXcX X  *:Tdddd 4dd dd dd $$,dd ,dd ,)dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,edd ,dd +   8 #cXXXX!#XXXcX5XX   CookCo. ' 'DuPageCo. ' 'GrundyCo. ' 'KaneCo. ' 'LakeCo. ' 'McHenryCo. ' 'WillCo. ' '#c#5##5#cTotal , population,1990 LBL jySA5105067jySAL5,105,067 pf73 jySA5105067 jySA 'A781666'Ap781,666 nd6 3 'A781666 'A  A@35337 A@n35,337 nd5"3  A@35337  A@ |`A317471|`An317,471 oe6$3 |`A317471 |`A A516418Ao516,418 oe6&3 A516418 A H^A183241H^Ao183,241 oe6(3 H^A183241 H^A A357313Ao357,313 KA6*3 A357313 A KUrban + population,1990 LBD- @mSA5093221@mSAL5,093,221 pf7@/3 @mSA5093221 @mSA H'A773284H'Ap773,284 nd6@13 H'A773284 H'A @15918@n15,918 nd5@33 @15918 @ 8A2712468An271,246 oe6@53 8A271246 8A lA483419lAo483,419 oe6@73 lA483419 lA A138746Ao138,746 oe6@93 A138746 A AA299126AAo299,126 KA6@;3 AA299126 AA KRural D< population,1990 J@> #@11846#@J11,846 lb58@3 #@11846 #@ _@8382_@l8,382 lb48B3 _@8382 _@ @16419@l16,419 mc58D3 @16419 @  @46225 @m46,225 mc58F3  @46225  @ @32999@m32,999 mc58H3 @32999 @ @44495@m44,495 mc58J3 @44495 @ @55487@m55,487E;98L3 @55487  @ E#c#5b%#5#c#XX5##^l6.^XXSource:U.S.BureauoftheCensus#c^q0^.^^l6?0#^l6.^0^c^q#XX.^^l60#5XX dM #c#50###c#XX#-1#Illinoisinventoriedallsources,regardlessofsize.Dataareprovidedforthetotalofallsourcesandfor HP thosesourcesunder25tonsperyearofcriteriapollutants.ThedatasourcesandcalculationmethodsusedbyIllino