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A. a.(1)(a) i) a)S#$%($0 ($0 0 (($0 0 0  A_ekqwDocumentDocument StyleI.1.A.a.(1)(a)i)a)jo4Tech InitInitialize Technical StyleS (   1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 S  CuyTechnicalTechnical Document Style11.11.1.11.1.1.11.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1HO>M2memo.styMemorandum    MC th\x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AM    MEMORANDUMTO:..FROM:..DATE:.."US ,  * January23,1996!  SUBJECT:..      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X @%TradeWinds X ?~' X (#dEX(#? ` Vol.IINo.1@``HALVAInternationalReport0!0!D%January1990 o ?~' X(#dEX(#? [ (X%X%(;<XXXX 3)  XXX  XXXXXXX ! !E(#Page  1   =*   XXXXXXXXXXPage  1  ('2$  T!   UV2ContentsTable of ContentsGH\LHz| $P 0 @X@E$( `$( P PdAA' dxd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5('2$  T!   ($     ('2$  T!   CFDEBC<< c  F"   H4X` hp x(#%'XHInsideEditorialF. 2  LettersF.((    3NewProductsF.XX 5  TheSwissConnectionF. F.  tt 6What'sHappeningInManhattanF.LL 8~!8indenss.styindented both sides; single spaced8..h90Closing"Sincerely" closing for TWTSincerely,,T.W.TeschePrincipalScientistTWT:lnf'8longltr.styformat for long letter       "US ,  * January23,1996!      N>4short.styshort letter       "US ,  * January23,1996!        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XXXGgefK;7x 8 < 0 @ddddEx\d $  (#(#       (#(# h{X**FINAL**   htvh{December1995h{htv *  htvh{U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency Fj PilotProgramforEmissionsInventoryUndertheCleanAirActSections112(c),112(k)and112(m)hXXhtv   h&Y, %XhXSubmittedby:    h     Submittedto:  H!l GreatLakesCommission   h     U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency $"H 400FourthStreet    h     Region5 " AnnArbor,MI481034816   h     77WestJacksonBlvd. #    `     h     Chicago,IL60604    ` Onbehalfof:  '@!    ` IllinoisEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,DivisionofAirPollutionControl   ` IndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofAirManagement   ` WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources,BureauofAirManagementlnQA=x|   ` J@ HKKKKE / \ V e/. / V V (#(#htv %h&Y,o htv  voX@ ohoX@hbhPrintedonrecycledpaperh&Y, %hb 18+)V V     H H  h XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc    c(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO#hhd#6~' xd6TableofContentsc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  TABLEOFCONTENTS$.. $ii LISTOFTABLES$..#iv LISTOFFIGURES$..,$v ACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONS$..#vii PREFACE$..#ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS$..0$xEXECUTIVESUMMARY$..#xii1.INTRODUCTION$..,$1 ..SouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudy$..,$1..Products$..,$1..Definitions$..,$2 2.OBJECTIVES$..,$4 ..UrbanAreaSourceEmissionsEstimationGoalUndertheCleanAirAct$..,$4..1986GreatLakesGovernorsToxicSubstancesControlAgreement..andCAASection112(m)$..,$6..TargetCompounds$..,$7 3.METHODOLOGY$..#10 ..AirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStates$..#10..DevelopingandTestingClient/ServerEmissionsEstimationandInventory..Software:RAPIDS$..#13..CollectingandCompilingDatafromThreeStates$..#13..CoordinationMethods$..#14 4.RESULTS$..#16 ..UrbanAreaSourceEmissionsEstimationGoalUnderthe1990CAA$..#16..OverviewoftheRAPIDSSystem$..#19 5.CONCLUSIONS$..d#104 ..ImplicationsfortheProtocol$..d#104..ImplicationsforRAPIDS$..d#106..ImplicationsforFIRE$..d#108..ImplicationsfortheFullEightStateRegionalInventoryandNextSteps$..d#110c(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  Op,  AZ"Arial RegularOTablOp,  AZ"Arial RegularOeofContentsXXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularO(continued)Op,  AZ"Arial RegularOc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  6.APPENDICES$..d#111 ..AppendixA:IllinoisToxicEmissionsInventory$..d#112..` ..` Background$..d#112..` ..` DataSources$..d#112..` ..` CalculationMethods$..d#115..` ..` Results$..d#127..AppendixB:IndianaToxicEmissionsInventory$..d#228..` ..` Background$..d#228..` ..` DataSources$..d#228..` ..` CalculationMethods$..d#229..` ..` Results$..d#231..AppendixC:WisconsinToxicEmissionsInventory$..d#234..` ..` Background$..d#234..` ..` DataSources$..d#234..` ..` CalculationMethods$..d#235..` ..` Results$..d#267..AppendixD: .. IndexofSICCodes$..d#279..AppendixE: .. CarcinogenicityRatingsforTargetCompoundsIncludedinthe..` ..`  .. RegionalToxicAirEmissionsInventoryBasedontheU.S.EPAs..` ..`  .. IntegratedRiskInformationSystem(IRIS)Database(September1995)$..d#294..AppendixF: .. GreatLakesCommissionRegionalEmissionInventoryofToxicAir..` ..`  .. ContaminantsSteeringCommittee$..d#296..AppendixG: .. SouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudySubcommittee$..d#298..AppendixH: .. SouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudyQualityAssurance/..` ..`  .. QualityControlCommittee$..d#299..AppendixI: .. SouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudyInternetMailingList: .. (#..(#..` ..`  .. Airtoxics@greatlakes.net$..d#3006~' xd6  Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularOListofTablesXXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO   XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcTable21:0` ..` ListofTargetCompoundsfortheRegionalToxicAirEmissionsInventory$..,$8XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԈTable31:0` ..` PersonnelResponsibleforPilotInventoryCompilation..` ..` andQualityAssurance/QualityControlXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc$..#14Table41:0` ..` RegionalSummaryofPollutantEmissions,byStateandRegion,forallInventoriedSourcesintheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotProjectStudyArea,1993$..#28Table42:0` ..` RegionalToxicAirEmissionsbyInventoriedSourcefortheSouthwest0......` ..` LakeMichiganPilotProjectStudyArea,1993$..#29TableA1:` ..` SummaryofIllinoisEmissions$..d#1290....TableA2:` ..` CookCountyIL,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year$..d#1310....TableA3:` ..` DuPageCountyIL,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year$..d#1660....TableA4:` ..` GrundyCountyIL,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year$..d#1750....TableA5:` ..` KaneCountyIL,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year$..d#1770....TableA6:` ..` LakeCountyIL,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year$..d#1860....TableA7:` ..` McHenryCountyIL,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year$..d#1940....TableA8:` ..` WillCountyIL,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year$..d#2000....TableA9:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforNaturalGasCombustion$..d#2200....TableA10:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforFuelOilCombustion$..d#2200....TableA11:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforCoalCombustion$..d#2210....TableA12:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforInternalCombustion$..d#2210....TableA13:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforByProductCokeManufacturing$..d#2220....TableA14:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforCopperSmelting$..d#2220....TableA15:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforIronProduction$..d#2220....TableA16:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforSteelProduction$..d#2230....TableA17:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforLeadProduction$..d#2230....TableA18:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforSecondaryCopper/Brass$..d#2230....TableA19:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforGrayIronFoundries$..d#2230....TableA20:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforSecondaryLead$..d#2240....TableA21:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforLeadBatteryManufacture$..d#2240....TableA22:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforSteelFoundries$..d#2240....TableA23:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforSecondaryZinc$..d#2240....TableA24:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforAsphalticConcrete$..d#2250....TableA25:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforConcreteBatching$..d#2260....TableA26:` ..` IllinoisEmissionFactorsUsedforIncineration$..d#2260....TableB1:` ..` LakeCountyIN,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year$..d#2320....TableB2:0` ..` PorterCountyIN,EmissionsbySICforSources<25tons/year$..d#2330....TableC1:` ..` KenoshaCountyWI,EmissionsbySICforSources$..d#2700....TableC2:` ..` MilwaukeeCountyWI,EmissionsbySICforSources$..d#2710....TableC3:` ..` RacineCountyWI,EmissionsbySICforSources$..d#2760....TableC4:` ..` Summary:Kenosha,Milwaukee,andRacineCounty,WI,Totals$..d#2780....TableE1:0` ..` CarcinogenicityRatingsforTargetCompoundsIncludedinthe0......` ..` RegionalToxicAirEmissionsInventoryBasedontheU.S.EPAs0......` ..` IntegratedRiskInformationSystem(IRIS)Database$..d#2946~' xd6  Op,  AZ"Arial RegularOListofFiguresXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc   Figure11:` ..` SouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudyArea$..,$1Figure31:0` ..` MajorStepsandCheckpointsintheRegionalInventoryDevelopmentEffortasStipulatedintheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakes(#..(#(#..(#(#..(#States$..#12Figure41:0` ..` HierarchyofPOMCompoundsintheTargetCompoundsList..` ..` oftheRegionalAirToxicEmissionsInventory$..#17Figure42:0` ..` DesignoftheRAPIDSSystem$..#19Figure43:0` ..` SampleRAPIDSEmissionsEstimationScreen$..#21Figure44:0` ..` RAPIDSDataFlow$..#22Figure45:0` ..` ComparisonofFixedandFlexibleAttributeApproachestoDataStorage$..#23Figure46:0` ..` Arsenic;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#73Figure47:0` ..` Benz(a)anthracene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#74Figure48:0` ..` Benzo(a)pyrene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#75Figure49:0` ..` Cadmium;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#76Figure410:0` ..` CarbonTetrachloride;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#77Figure411:0` ..` Chromium;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#78Figure412:0` ..` ChromiumHexavalent;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#79Figure413:0` ..` Chrysene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#80Figure414:0` ..` Cobalt;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#81Figure415:0` ..` Copper;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#82Figure416:0` ..` 1,2Dichloroethane;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#83Figure417:0` ..` Ethylbenzene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#84Figure418:0` ..` Fluoranthene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#85Figure419:0` ..` Lead;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#86Figure420:0` ..` Manganese;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#87Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO   ListofFiguresXXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO(continued) XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc  Figure421:0` ..` Mercury;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#88Figure422:0` ..` MethyleneChloride;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#89Figure423:0` ..` Naphthalene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#90Figure424:0` ..` Nickel;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#91Figure425:0` ..` Phenol;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#92Figure426:0` ..` PCB;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#93Figure427:0` ..` PCDD;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#94Figure428:0` ..` PCDF;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#95Figure429:0` ..` PAH;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#96Figure430:0` ..` POM;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#97Figure431:0` ..` TCDD2,3,7,8;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#98Figure432:0` ..` TCDF2,3,7,8;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..#99Figure433:0` ..` Tetrachloroethylene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..d#100Figure434:0` ..` Trichloroethene;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..d#101Figure435:0` ..` 1,1,1Trichloroethane;EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSources..` ..` intheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993$..d#102Figure51:0` ..` SampleRAPIDSQCCheckerScreen$..d#107Figure52:0` ..` SampleAIRSConversionScreen$..d#108  Op,  AZ"Arial RegularO6~' xd6AcronymsandAbbreviationsXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc   ACFM` ..`  .. ActualCubicFeetperMinuteAIRS..` ..`  .. AerometricInformationRetrievalSystemAMS..` ..`  .. AreaandMobileSourceAs..` ..`  .. ArsenicASCII..` ..`  .. AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchangeBTU..` ..`  .. BritishThermalUnitCAA..` ..`  .. CleanAirActCAERS` ..`  .. ComputerizedAnnualEmissionReportingSystem,IllinoisCARB..` ..`  .. CaliforniaAirResourcesBoardCd..` ..`  .. CadmiumCo..` ..`  .. CobaltCr..` ..`  .. ChromiumCu..` ..`  .. CopperEET..` ..`  .. EmissionEstimatingTechniquesEIS..` ..`  .. EmissionInventorySystemESP..` ..`  .. ElectrostaticPrecipitatorFIRE..` ..`  .. FactorInformationRetrievalSystem(Version3.0)FESOP` ..`  .. FederallyEnforceableStateOperatingPermitGEMAP` ..`  .. GeocodedEmissionsModelingandProjectionsGLC..` ..`  .. GreatLakesCommissionGLEI..` ..`  .. GreatLakesEmissionsInventoryGLIN..` ..`  .. GreatLakesInformationNetworkGLNPO` ..`  .. GreatLakesNationalProgramOffice,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyGLPF..` ..`  .. GreatLakesProtectionFundHAP..` ..`  .. HazardousAirPollutantHg..` ..`  .. MercuryHP..` ..`  .. HorsepowerIDEM..` ..`  .. IndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagementIEPA..` ..`  .. IllinoisEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyIJC..` ..`  .. InternationalJointCommissionIMS..` ..`  .. InformationManagementSystemIPP..` ..`  .. InventoryPreparationPlanIRIS..` ..`  .. IntegratedRiskInformationSystem,U.S.EPALAN..` ..`  .. LocalAreaNetworkMACT` ..`  .. MaximumAchievableControlTechnologyMn..` ..`  .. ManganeseMSDS..` ..`  .. MaterialSafetyDataSheetNESHAP` ..`  .. NationalEmissionsStandardsforHazardousAirPollutantsNi..` ..`  .. NickelNOx..` ..`  .. NitrogenOxidesORCIS` ..`  .. OzoneRegionalComputerInventorySystem,IllinoiṡOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO   AcronymsandAbbreviationsXXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO(continued)Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc  PAH..` ..`  .. PolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbonPb..` ..`  .. LeadPC..` ..`  .. PersonalComputerPCB..` ..`  .. PolychlorinatedBiphenylsPCDD..` ..`  .. TotalPolychlorinatedDibenzodioxinsPCDF..` ..`  .. TotalPolychlorinatedDibenzofuransPERC..` ..`  .. PerchloroethylenePM..` ..`  .. ParticulateMatterPOM..` ..`  .. PolycyclicOrganicMatterPOTW` ..`  .. PubliclyOwnedTreatmentWorksp..pQA/QC` ..`  .. QualityAssurance/QualityControlRAPIDS` ..`  .. RegionalAirPollutantInventoryDevelopmentSystemSCC..` ..`  .. SourceClassificationCodeSIC..` ..`  .. StandardIndustrialClassificationSSD..` ..`  .. SourceSummaryDatabaseSTEPS` ..`  .. StateEnvironmentalProgramsSystemsSWLM` ..`  .. SouthwestLakeMichiganTANKS` ..`  .. StorageTankEmissionsSoftwareTCDD..` ..`  .. 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzopdioxinTCDF..` ..`  .. 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzofuranTCE..` ..`  .. TrichloroethyleneTPY..` ..`  .. TonsperyearTRI..` ..`  .. ToxicReleaseInventoryU.S.EPA` ..`  .. UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyVOC..` ..`  .. VolatileOrganicCompoundVOM..` ..`  .. VolatileOrganicMaterialWDNR` ..`  .. WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources&&&Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularOXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc H   Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO  6~' xd6PrefaceQXXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO   XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcTheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudyrepresentsauniquemilestoneinthecontinuingefforttoquantifyandmanagethetoxicairemissionswhichimpactthewatersoftheGreatLakesBasin.ThreeGreatLakesstates,Illinois,Indiana,andWisconsin,cooperatedincompilingthisemissionsinventoryaspartofaprogramtoquantifytoxicairemissionsfromsmallsourcesinmajorurbanareas.Thepilotstudyprovidedthefirstpracticaltestofprocesses,procedures,andsystemswhichthestateshavebeendevelopingoverthelastseveralyearstoensurethatthis,andsubsequent,regionwideinventories,areaccurateandconsistentfromonestatetoanother.ThegovernorsoftheeightGreatLakestatesestablishedtheframeworkforreachingthismilestonewhentheysignedtheToxicSubstancesControlAgreementin1986.ThisagreementrecognizedtheneedforcoordinatingregionalactiontoquantifyandcontroltoxicpollutantsenteringtheGreatLakessystem.Since1989,theGreatLakesstatesandtheProvinceofOntario,CanadahavebeenworkingtogetherthroughtheGreatLakesCommissiontodeveloparegionaldatabaseofairtoxicemissionsdataandestimates.TheU.S.EPAfundedthispilotstudytohelpmeettherequirementsofSections112(c)(6),112(k),and112(m)oftheCleanAirAct,asamendedin1990.Section112(k)requiresU.S.EPAtoidentify notlessthan30hazardousairpollutantswhich,asaresultofemissionsfromareasources,presentthegreatestthreattopublichealthinthelargestnumberofurbanareas.Thecategoriesofareasourcesthatcontribute90percentoftheemissionsofeachofthe30ormorehazardousairpollutantsmustthenberegulatedbyU.S.EPAbytheyear2000.U.S.EPAmustalsoestablishaNationalStrategywhichreducesthepublichealthrisksassociatedwithsuchsourcecategoriesbynotlessthan75percentintheincidenceofcancerattributabletoemissionsfromsuchsources.WhilewebelievetheairtoxicemissionestimatescontainedinthereportfortheChicago,Gary,andMilwaukeeurbanareasrepresentthebestsinglecompilationofsuchestimates,thepilotstudyhasalsoillustratedthelimitationswhichstillexistinmakingsuchestimates.Theresultsshouldthereforebeviewedasafirststepforusebypolicymakersandothersinvolvedinairqualitymanagement.Thesedatacansupportregulatorydecisionsifusedinconjunctionwithothersourcesofqualityassureddata.TheGreatLakesstates,alongwiththeGreatLakesCommission,arenowworkingtocompileaneightstateairtoxicinventoryusingtheexperienceofthepilotstudytoimprovetheirefforts.Thefulleightstateinventory,usingcalendaryear1993data,isexpectedtobecompletedinlatesummer,1996.Throughthiscontinuingeffort,themechanismhasbeenestablishedtocompileandmaintainaninventorywhichwillcontinuetoimproveinqualityuntilitwillsupportsoundregulatorydecisions. X X   ____________________    BharatMathurChiefBureauofAirIllinoisEPA    ____________________FeliciaR.GeorgeAssistantCommissionerOfficeofAirManagementIndianaDEM    ____________________DonaldF.TheilerDirectorBureauofAirManagementWisconsinDNR X X r      6~' xd6Op,  AZ"Arial RegularOAcknowledgments XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc  TheSouthwestLakeMichiganUrbanAreasToxicAirEmissionsInventoryPilotStudyhasbeenachallengingendeavorforallinvolved.Asagroundbreakingefforttodeveloparegionalinventoryoftoxicairemissions,amultitudeofcomplexissueshadtoberesolvedtoensurethattheprioritiesofthestatesandfederalgovernmentwereadequatelyaddressed.ThisuniqueeffortwasdevelopedundertheleadershipofDaveKolaz,chairoftheSteeringCommitteefortheGreatLakesRegionalAirToxicsInventoryProject,andCarolRatza,projectmanager,GreatLakesCommission.Emissioninventoryspecialistsfromthepilotstudystates,aswellasstafffromtheotherGreatLakesstates,U.S.EPAandtheprovinceofOntarioworkedtogetherclosely,makingthestudyateameffort.Theprimarystaffinvolvedindevelopingthepilotstudy,andtheirroles,arelistedbelow.   &&&Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularOSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudySubcommittee&&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc  &&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcDaveKolaz` ..`  .. ..h..h....BarryTitusIllinoisEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyh..h..IndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagementBuzzAsselmeier .. ..h..h....OrlandoCabreraRiveraIllinoisEnvironmentalProtectionAgency&&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularch..h..WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResourcesGaryBaker&&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc` ..`  .. ..h..h....JohnShenot&&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc&&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcMichiganDepartmentofEnvironmentalQuality&&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc..WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResourcesXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc&&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc..` ..`  .. ..h..hCarolRatza&&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc..p..p.. .. x..x .. ..` ..`  .. ..h..hGreatLakesCommission&&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc.. .. x..x .. (#..(#..XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc  XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularOSubcommitteeObserverAgenciesXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc   &&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcChunYiWu` ..`  .. ..h..h....PeterWongMinnesotaPollutionControlAgencyh..h....OntarioMinistryofEnvironmentandEnergyXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc&&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcCathyTran` ..`  .. ..h..h....Dr.SuzanneKing .. x..x .. (#..(#MinnesotaPollutionControlAgency&&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularch..h....U.S.EPARegion5&&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc&&&cq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcXXXIs0AArial BoldI   TheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotInventorywascreatedby:XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc  H BuzzAsselmeier,IllinoisEnvironmentalProtectionAgencySusanBemandChrisHammack,IndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagementOrlandoCabreraRivera,JohnShenot,KeithWarnkeandRichardMoran,WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularORAPIDSSoftwareDevelopment:XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc LeonardBruckmanetal,RadianCorporationThisreportwaswritten,compiledandreviewedbyalloftheaboveprojectparticipantswithadditionaleditorialandregionalreportcompilationsupportprovidedbyGreatLakesCommissionstaffmembersMikeConley,MattDossandCelesteWhiting.  XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularODedicationXXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularOԼ  XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcThisreportisdedicatedtothememoryofTomLahre.AstheprimarycontacttothepilotstudyfromtheUrbanAreaSourcesProgramoftheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,TomworkedcloselywiththestatesubcommitteemembersandGreatLakesCommissionstaffupuntilhisdeathinSeptember1995.Hewasadedicatedprofessionalandagoodfriendtousall.Wemisshimandhopethatwehaveliveduptothehighprofessionalstandardsthathesetforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheworked.  Op,  AZ"Arial RegularO6~' xd6ExecutiveSummaryXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc   ThepurposeoftheSouthwestLakeMichigan(SWLM)PilotStudywastoa)inventorysmallpointandareasourcesoftoxicairemissionsfromthecombinedurbanareasofChicago,GaryandMilwaukee(seeFigure11,page1);b)testtheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStates;andc)designandtestanautomatedemissionsestimationanddatamanagementsystemthatcouldbeusedinlateryearsindevelopinglarger,multistate,GreatLakesregionwideinventories.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcImportantly,emissionsfrom majorsources,asdefinedbytheCleanAirAct,werenotinventoriedandestimatedandarethereforenotdocumentedintheregionalsummary.Consequently,theratioofareatomajorsourceemissionsinthestudyareaisnotavailableandthetablesandchartsprovidedhereinshouldnotbeconstruedtorepresentanestimateoftotalemissionsofthesubjecthazardousairpollutantsreleasedinthestudyarea.UnderthetermsoftheCleanAirAct(CAA),whichdefinesmajorsourcesintermsofquantity,thesourcesinventoriedintheSWLMstudyareaccuratelydescribedas areasources.TheSWLMstudybeganinOctober1993withprimaryfundingprovidedbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(U.S.EPA).ThestudybuiltuponfourpreviousyearsofeffortbytheGreatLakesstates,fundedbythestatesthemselvesthroughtheGreatLakesProtectionFund.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcThisreportisbutoneofsixproductsoftheSWLMstudy.Thecompleteproductpackageincludes:0..Thisreport,titledTheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudy:DevelopinganInventoryofToxicAirEmissionsfromAreaSourcesintheChicago,MilwaukeeandGaryUrbanAreas,1993XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc;XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc..RegionalAirPollutantInventoryDevelopmentSystem(RAPIDS)client/serversoftware;XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc..XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcTheSouthwestLakeMichiganUrbanAreaSourceInventoryXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc;..XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStatesXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc;0..XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcImprovedGreatLakesstateairemissionsinventorysystemsforcriteriaandtoxicairpollutants;and0..DemonstrationofthecosteffectiveandtimeefficientuseoftheInternetasanaidtosolvingregionalenvironmentalproblemsand,introductionoftheconceptandsuccessfuldemonstrationofthefeasibilityofstatesusingclient/servertechnologyviatheInternettotransmitandexchangeenvironmentaldatawithotherstates,federalagenciesandindustryXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc.XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcThethreestatesthatconductedtheSWLMstudy(Illinois,IndianaandWisconsin)believethattheairtoxicemissionestimatescontainedinthisreport(andintheSouthwestLakeMichiganUrbanAreaSourceInventoryhousedbytheU.S.EPAGreatLakesNationalProgramOffice)fortheChicago,GaryandMilwaukeeurbanareasrepresentthebestsinglecompilationofsuchestimates.Thescopeoftheprojectdidnotallowthestatestoundertakeamassivediscoveryeffort;instead,thestatesusedavailable1993calendaryearprocessdata,emissionfactorsandreportedinformation.TheSWLMstudyobjectivewastoenhanceXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀcurrentinventorycapabilities,resolveproceduresandprotocolissuesacrossseveralstates,anddevelopandtestanautomatedemissionestimationandinventorysystem.Intheprocess,theurbanareasourceinventoryfortheSWLMstudyareawascompiled.Inbrief,thepilotstudyshouldbeviewedasaninitialefforttobridgethegapbetweenthescienceofinventoryingtoxicairemissionsandthepublicpolicydebateconcerninghowtheseemissionsaffecthumanhealthandtheenvironmentandhowtheyshouldbeaddressed.XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcԀFollowupbyU.S.EPAandthestatesisnecessarytomakefurtherprogresstowardmeetingthegoalsofSection112oftheCAA.TheSWLMpilotstudystatesrecommendthatregulatorydecisionsnotbebasedonthisdataunlessmorecompellingresearchiscompletedoraccessedtowarrantsuchaction.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcThefollowingarethespecificsectionsoftheCAA,asamendedin1990,addressedbytheSWLMstudy:XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc Section112(c)(6)SpecificPollutants: Eachofthe112(c)(6)pollutantswastargetedintheSWLMsmallpointandareasourceemissionsinventory.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcTheobjectiveofthisstudy,intermsofSection112(c)(6)oftheCAA,wastolocatesmallpointandareasourcesofthesetoxiccompoundsinthe12countyarea.Thesummaryregionaltablesandcharts(beginningonpage28)highlighttheseemissionsandrespectiveareasources.Section5,Results,providessuggestedrefinementstotheprocedureslistedintheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStatesinordertomoreaccuratelyestimatetotalemissionsofPolycyclicOrganicMatter(POM)andrelatedpollutants.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc Section112(k)AreaSourceProgram: TheobjectiveoftheSWLMpilotstudywastoprovidethemechanism,procedureandthefirstcompilationofdataonemissionsfromareasourcesofatargetedlistofhazardousairpollutants,includingthoseidentifiedinSection112(c)(6)oftheCAA.Thestudysoughttoprovidethebestcompilationofsuchdataforcalendaryear1993emissionsfromsmallpointandareasources.Section5ofthisreportpresentsthebestcurrentlyavailableestimatesofareasourcesfortheinventoriedtoxicairpollutantsforcalendaryear1993fortheChicago,MilwaukeeandGaryurbanareas.Thisprojectbeginsalongtermstateandfederalefforttocategorizeemissionsfromvariousareasources(andmajorsources)intheGreatLakesregion.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcThestatesbelievethisworkwillprovidethestrongestfoundationuponwhichtheU.S.EPAcanbuildthenationalstrategytoreduceurbanareatoxicairemissionsasoutlinedinSection112(k)(3)oftheCAA.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcThestudyfocusedontheidentificationofsmallpointandareasourcecategoriesthatcontributethemosttothetotalemissionsofhazardousairpollutantslistedinTable21.TheSWLMstudyconcentratedonlocatingsignificantsourcesnotcurrentlyregulatedundertheCAA.Thesesourcesincludemanytraditionallyunregulatedsiteswithrelativelysmallgasfired,coalfired,oroilfiredboilers;asphaltandconcreteplants;industriesdealingwithprimarymetals(includingzinc,aluminumandiron),orsecondarymetals(primarilyusedintheprocessingofrefinedmetals);culturedmarblecompanies;woodburningstovesandfireplaces;nonroadengines;andgenerally,anyfacilitywithanincinerator.Thefocuswasonfindingmanysmallsourceswithinonecountyorurbanareathatcollectivelyreleaselargeamountsofoneormoretoxicairpollutantsofconcern.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc Section112(m)GreatWatersandtheGreatLakesToxicSubstancesControlAgreement: TheGreatLakesstatesmadesignificantprogresstowardmeetingthegoalsofthegovernorsagreementandCAASection112(m)bydevelopingtheRegionalAirPollutantInventoryDevelopmentSystem(RAPIDS)andtestingtheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStates.TheRAPIDSsoftware,andtheaccompanyingprotocolwillbeusedbyalleightGreatLakesstatesinfutureyearstojointlyconductpointandareasourceinventoriesofthe49targetcompoundsidentifiedinTable21.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcTheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStates,finalizedinJune1994,providesinstructionsforthestatestofollowtoensurethecompleteness,accuracy,consistencyandqualityoftheregionaltoxicemissionsinventory.EachstateprepareditsportionoftheSWLMpilotinventoryinthemanneroutlinedintheprotocol,andprovidedaqualityassurancecheckontheirstatespecificemissionsdataandestimatestoensurethehighestpossiblequalitydatabase.XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcRatherthancomparingonestatesemissionsagainstanotherstatesresults,thefocusofthepilotstudywastoprepareareliableandtechnicallyaccurateinventoryforthesouthwestLakeMichiganregionasawhole,andtooutlineareaswhereimprovementsareneededinoverallmethodologyandimplementation.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcDevelopmentofRAPIDShasbeenthekeytotheefforttodevelopacomprehensive,accurate,andconsistenturbanareaairtoxicemissionsinventoryacrossthreestates.XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcAsamultistate,regionaleffort,ahighlevelofcoordinationandcommunicationwasnecessarytoensureconsistencyamongthethreestatesintermsofdatamanagement,methodology,calculationmethods,andotherissues.Tofacilitatethenecessarycommunicationontheseissues,aSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudySubcommitteewasestablishedbytheGreatLakesCommissionsRegionalEmissionInventoryofToxicAirContaminantsSteeringCommittee.DuringthecourseoftheSWLMstudy,thesubcommitteecommunicatedviadailyemailexchanges,conferencecallsonaweeklyorbiweeklybasis,andmonthlyorbimonthlyinpersonmeetingstooverseecontractordevelopmentoftheinventorysoftware,andtoresolveoutstandingissuesandinconsistenciesamongthethreestatescontributingtothepilotstudy.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcDuringthecourseofthisstudy,theSouthwestLakeMichiganSubcommitteeworkedcloselywiththeprojectsoftwaredevelopmentcontractor,RadianCorporation,todevelopandtestRAPIDS.Theeffortrepresentsthefirstattempttopreparesoftwareforestimatingtoxicpollutantemissionsonamultistatebasis.RAPIDSisaclient/serversystemconsistingofanORACLEXXX_okIA`2WP TypographicSymbols_7XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀbackenddatabasedesignedusingORACLECASEtools,anda suiteoffrontendapplicationsdevelopedusingvarioussoftwaretools(primarilyPowerBuilderXXX_okIA`2WP TypographicSymbols_7XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀandSASXXX_okIA`2WP TypographicSymbols_7XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc).ThesoftwaretakesfulladvantageofnewInternet/GreatLakesInformationNetwork(GLIN)connectionsbetweenthestates,GreatLakesCommission,andtheU.S.EPAGLNPOofficeinChicago.XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcFinally,aQualityAssurance/QualityControl(QA/QC)Committeewasformedtoreviewthepilotstudyreport,establishQA/QCcriteriaforusebythethreestates,andensurethereportprovidesanaccurateandusefulsummaryoftoxicairemissionsattheregionallevel.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcThetablesandchartspresentedinSection4,Results,providetheresultsoftheregionalinventoryforthesouthwestLakeMichiganpilotstudyarea.Itisimportanttonotethat,asapilotstudy,thesubcommitteehasrefrainedfrominterpretingtheresultsorfromdrawingmajorconclusionsthatmighthavepolicyimplications.Inaddition,thesubcommitteefindsthat,beyondtheactualresults,theprocessofcompilingtheregionalinventoryhas,itself,provenextremelyvaluableasameansofresolvingthemanytechnical,methodological,andpolicyrelatedissuesthatimpactamultistate,regionaltoxicairemissionsinventory.XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcTheU.S.EPAGLNPOofficeservesastherepositoryfortheSouthwestLakeMichiganUrbanAreaSourceInventory.SmallpointandareasourcetoxicairemissionsdatacollectedbyIllinois,IndianaandWisconsinresideintherepository.Internetaccesstotheinventory,usingtheRAPIDSclientsoftware,isavailabletoselectresearchers.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcOneimportantoutcomeisthattheSWLMpilotstudyillustratedtheseriousshortcomingsthatstillexistinregionalemissionsestimates(seeregionalresultspage28),andsuggestednecessarystepsthatmustbemadetoensuredataqualityforestimatingvariouspollutantgroupings(seeSection5,Conclusions).AsignificantcontributiontothegoalsofCAAsection112(c)(6)relatestotheidentifiedneedforbettermethodologyforuseinnextyearsfulleightstateregionalinventory.TheSWLMpilotstudyemissionsinventoryforsmallpointandareasourcesintheChicago,MilwaukeeandGaryurbanareasaresummarizedinthefollowingtablesandfiguresbeginningonpage28: Table41:RegionalSummaryofPollutantEmissions,byStateandRegion,forallInventoriedSourcesintheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotProjectStudyArea,1993. Table42:RegionalToxicAirEmissionsbyInventoriedSourcefortheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotProjectStudyArea,1993.Figures46through435:EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcesintheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993. Workingtogetheronthispilotproject,theGreatLakesstates,andparticularlytheleadstatesofIllinois,Indiana,WisconsinandMichigan,havesetanationalexampleofcooperativeemissionsinventorydevelopmentacrossstates.Theeffortsthestateairagenciesareundertakingtogetherinthisproject,supportedbyU.S.EPA,areunprecedented. AnimportantresultfromtheSWLMpilotinventoryisthatthestateshavelearnedhowtoconductamultistateinventoryandarenowpoisedtoprepareasuccessfulregionwide,eightstateeffort.  6~' xd6  t  Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO   41.Introduction 4  XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc   XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularOSOUTHWESTLAKEMICHIGANPILOTSTUDYXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc xlvwgWSz \ B dp)b@ HKKKK@xThepurposeoftheSouthwestLakeMichigan(SWLM)PilotStudywastoinventorysmallpointandareasourcesoftoxicairemissionsfromthecombinedurbanareasofChicago,GaryandMilwaukee(seeFigure11)and,intheprocess,totesttheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStatesandtodesignandtestanautomatedemissionsestimationanddatamanagementsystemthatcouldbeusedinlateryearsindevelopinglarger,multistateGreatLakesregionwideinventories.Importantly,thisstudydidnotinventorymajorsourcesoftoxicairemissionsintheurbanstudyarea.Emissionsfrom majorsources,asdefinedbytheCleanAirAct(CAA),werenotestimated,andarenotdocumentedintheregionalsummary;consequently,theratioofareatomajorsourceemissionsinthestudyareaisnotavailableandthetablesandchartsprovidedhereinshouldnotbeconstruedtorepresentanestimateoftotalemissionsofthesubjecthazardousairpollutantsreleasedinthestudyarea.TheSWLMpilotstudybeganinOctober1993withprimaryfundingprovidedbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(U.S.EPA)andbuiltuponfourpreviousyearsofeffortbytheGreatLakesstates,fundedbytheGreatLakesstatesthemselvesthroughtheGreatLakesProtectionFund.Inaddition,theprojectbenefitedfromsubstantialinkindcontributionsofstafftimebytheleadstatesofIllinois,Indiana,MichiganandWisconsinandfederalcollaboratorsatU.S.EPA.ProjectoversightwasprovidedbytheGreatLakesCommissionRegionalEmissionInventoryofToxicAirContaminantsSteeringCommittee(seeAppendixF),workingtogetherundertheauspicesoftheGreatLakesCommission.ProjectmanagementwasprovidedbyGreatLakesCommission,anAnnArbor,MichiganbasedcompactagencyoftheeightGreatLakesstates(Illinois,Indiana,Michigan,Minnesota,Ohio,NewYork,PennsylvaniaandWisconsin). XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularOPRODUCTSXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc ThisreportisbutoneofsixproductsoftheSWLMstudy.Thecompleteproductpackageincludes:1.0..Thisreport,TheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudy:DevelopinganInventoryofToxicAirEmissionsfromAreaSourcesintheChicago,MilwaukeeandGaryUrbanAreas,1993.2.0..RegionalAirPollutantInventoryDevelopmentSystem(RAPIDS)client/serversoftwareforestimationoftoxicairemissionsfrompointandareasources.RAPIDSsoftwareanddocumentationmaybedownloadedfromtheInternetatthesite:ftp.greatlakes.net/pub/RAPIDS/production/.0....3...TheSouthwestLakeMichiganUrbanAreaSourceInventory.TheU.S.EPAGreatLakesNationalProgramOffice(GLNPO)servesastheinventoryrepository.Internetaccesstotheinventory,usingtheRAPIDSclientsoftware,isavailabletoapprovedstateandfederalemployees.0....4...AirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStates.TheSWLMprojecttestedtheproceduresoutlinedinthis1994toxicairemissionestimationprotocoldocument.ThefullprotocolandtheQualityControl/QualityAssuranceplanareavailableathttp://www.greatlakes.net/partners/glc/projects/air/protocol/protohome.html.Theprotocolisalivingdocument;additionsandrefinementstotheprotocolasaresultoftheSWLMprojectareinprogress.TheprotocolwillbeusedtoguidetheeffortsofalleightGreatLakesstatesin199596astheypreparethefirstfullstatewidetoxicairemissionspointandareasourceinventoriesandpopulatetheregionalrepository.Furtheradditionsandrefinementsmaybeexpectedafterthefirstfulleightstateinventory.5.0..Improvedstateairemissionsinventorysystemsforcriteriaandtoxicairpollutants.AtleasttwooftheregionsstatesarenowadaptingpartorallofthestateoftheartRAPIDSclient/serversoftwaredevelopedduringtheSWLMstudytoserveastheirinstatetoxicandcriteriapollutantemissionestimationandinventorysystemformajorsourcesandareasources.Inaddition,severalotherstatesareusingvariousRAPIDSmodulesasanadjuncttoexistingorplannedsystemstohousethestatetoxicairemissionsinventory.XXX5x'\ `5 XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc6.0..Finally,perhapsthemostimportantproductofthisefforthasbeenthejumpstartthattheGreatLakesregion'sstate,provincial,federalandregionalprojectpartnershavegainedintheunderstandinganduseofclient/serverandInternetcommunicationstechnology.TheSWLMprojectsuccessfullydemonstratedthecosteffectiveandtimeefficientuseoftheInternetasanaidtosolvingregionalenvironmentalproblems.WiththeassistanceoftheU.S.EPAGLNPOoffice,theprojectintroducedtheconceptandsuccessfullydemonstratedthefeasibilityofstatesusingclient/servertechnologyviatheInternettotransmitandexchangeenvironmentaldatawithotherstates,federalagenciesandindustry. XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularODEFINITIONSXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc DefinitionsofamajorsourceandanareasourceaspresentedinCAA,Section112HazardousAirPollutants,areinsertedheretoassistthereadersunderstandingoftheeffortundertakenbythestatesthatconductedtheSWLMstudy.0.. Section112.(a)(1)Majorsource.Theterm majorsourcemeansanystationarysourceorgroupofstationarysourceslocatedwithinacontiguousareaandundercommoncontrolthatemitsorhasthepotentialtoemitconsideringcontrols,intheaggregate,10tonsperyearormoreofanyhazardousairpollutantor25tonsperyearormoreofanycombinationofhazardousairpollutants.TheAdministratormayestablishalesserquantity,orinthecaseofradionuclidesdifferentcriteria,foramajorsourcethanthatspecifiedintheprevioussentence,onthebasisofthepotencyoftheairpollutant,persistence,potentialforbioaccumulation,othercharacteristicsoftheairpollutantorotherrelevantfactors.   X 0.. Section112.(a)(2)Areasource.Theterm areasourcemeansanystationarysourceofhazardousairpollutantsthatisnotamajorsource.Forpurposesofthissection,theterm areasourceshallnotincludemotorvehiclesornonroadvehiclessubjecttoregulationundertitleII. H UnderthetermsoftheCCA,whichdefinesmajorsourcesintermsofquantity,thesourcesinventoriedintheSWLMstudyareaccuratelydescribedas areasources.However,emissionsinventoryspecialistssometimesusethetermspointandareasourceinadifferentway:Apointsourceisonelocatedatadiscretelocationwhereemissionsestimatescanbebasedonactivityatthatlocation.Anareasourceisatypeofsourcewhereinventoryspecialistsassumeageographicareacontainsseveralormanysimilarsources,andemissionsareestimatedbasedonactivitywithinthegeographicarea(usuallyacounty),ratherthanatdiscretepoints.Generally,thisreportfollowsthisconvention,andreferstosourcesaseither smallpointor areasourcestoprovideafurtherlevelofrefinementtoaidinunderstandingthesizeandtypeofsourcesinventoried.EmissionestimatesgeneratedforfacilitiesweregroupedbyStandardIndustrialClassification(SIC)codesandlabeledasemissionsfrom smallpointsources.Theprotocolreferstosuchsourcesas facilitysources,regardlessofsize.Sourcecategories,suchasresidentialwoodburningandnonroadengines,arereferredtoas areasourcesbythestatesintheprotocolandretainthatclassificationinthisreport;thesesourcesarereferredtobyname(i.e.,woodburningforresidentialwoodburning)intheattachedregionaltablesandcharts,or,whennecessary,generically,as areasources.  Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO   2.Objectives  XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc   Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO6~' xd6 XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcThefederalincentivefortheprojectwastoassisttheU.S.EPAinmeetingrequirementsofSection112oftheCleanAirAct(CAA).ThisprojectreportdocumentssubstantiveprogresstowardmeetingtheurbanareagoalsoftheCAASections112(c)(6)and112(k)andtheGreatLakesgoalsofSection112(m). XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularO X URBANAREASOURCEEMISSIONSESTIMATIONGOALUNDERTHECLEANAIRACTXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc  H Sections112(c)(6)and112(k)oftheCAArequireU.S.EPA,throughitsUrbanAreaSourceProgram,toidentify notlessthan30hazardousairpollutantswhich,asaresultofemissionsfromareasources,presentthegreatestthreattopublichealthinthelargestnumberofurbanareas.U.S.EPAalsomustlistandregulatethecategoriesandsubcategoriesofareasourcesthatcontribute90percentoftheemissionsofeachofthe30ormorehazardousairpollutants.Furthermore,U.S.EPAmustdevelopanationalstrategytoreduceemissionsofhazardousairpollutantsemittedbyareasources,aswellasreduceby75percenttheincidenceofcancerattributabletosuchareasources.ThethreestatesthatconductedtheSWLMstudybelievethattheairtoxicemissionestimatescontainedinthisreportfortheChicago,GaryandMilwaukeeurbanareasrepresentthebestsinglecompilationofsuchestimates.Thescopeoftheprojectdidnotallowthestatestoundertakeamassivediscoveryeffort;instead,thestatesusedavailablecalendaryear1993processdata,emissionfactorsandreportedinformation.ItwastheobjectiveoftheSWLMstudytoenhancecurrentinventorycapabilities,resolveproceduresandprotocolissuesacrossseveralstatesanddevelopandtestanautomatedemissionestimationandinventorysystem,and,intheprocess,compiletheurbanareasourceinventoryfortheSWLMstudyarea.Inshort,thepilotstudyshouldbeviewedasaninitialefforttobridgethegapbetweenthescienceofinventoryingtoxicairemissionsandthepublicpolicydebateconcerninghowtheseemissionsaffecthumanhealthandtheenvironmentandhowtheyshouldbeaddressed.FollowupbyU.S.EPAandthestatesthemselvesisnecessarytomakefurtherprogresstowardmeetingthegoalsofSection112oftheCAA.Thepilotstudystatesrecommendthatregulatorydecisionsnotbebasedonthisdataunlessmorecompellingresearchexiststowarrantsuchaction.Noeffortwasmadetodeveloparatioofthetotalemissionsfromsmallpointandareasourcestototalemissionsfrommajorsources.Emissionsfrom majorsourceswerenotestimatedandarenotdocumentedintheregionalsummary;consequentlytheratioofareatomajorsourceemissionsintheSWLMstudyareaisnotavailable,andthetablesandchartsprovidedhereinshouldnotbeconstruedtorepresentanestimateoftotalemissionsforhazardousairpollutantsreleasedinthestudyarea. XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularOSection112(c)(6)SpecificPollutantsXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc ̇Section112(c)(6)specifiedtheneedtolistcategoriesandsubcategoriesofsourcesemittingthefollowingpollutants:alkylatedleadcompounds,polycyclicorganicmatter(POM),hexachlorobenzene,mercury,polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs),2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzofurans(TCDF)and2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzopdioxin(TCDD).Eachofthe112(c)(6)pollutantswastargetedintheSWLMsmallpointandareasourceemissionsinventory.Importantly,thisstudydidnotinventorymajorsourcesofthesetoxiccompoundsorothersintheurbanstudyarea.Theobjectiveofthisstudy,intermsofthepollutantsreferencedinSection112(c)(6),wastolocatesmallpointandareasourcesofthesetoxiccompoundsinthe12countyarea.TheResultssectionprovidessuggestedrefinementstotheprocedureslistedintheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStatesinordertomoreaccuratelyestimatetotalemissionsofPOMandrelatedpollutants. XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularOSection112(k)AreaSourceProgramXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc Section112(k)oftheCAAauthorizestheU.S.EPAtoconduct,afterconsultationwithstateandlocalairpollutioncontrolofficials,aprogramofresearchwithrespecttosourcesofhazardousairpollutantsinurbanareasthatshallincludeanalysistocharacterizethesourcesofsuchpollutionwithafocusonareasourcesandthecontributionthatsuchsourcesmaketopublichealthrisksfromhazardousairpollutants.Thisworkisseenaspreliminarytothedevelopmentofanationalstrategytoreduceemissionsinurbanareasfromareasourcesofhazardousairpollutantsandtogainanequivalentreductioninpublichealthrisksassociatedwithsuchsources.TheobjectiveoftheSWLMpilotstudywastoprovidethemechanism,procedureandthefirstcompilationofdataonemissionsfromareasourcesofatargetedlistofhazardousairpollutants,includingthoseidentifiedinSection112(c)(6)oftheCAA.Thestudyaimedtoprovidethebestcompilationofsuchdataforcalendaryear1993emissionsfromsmallpointandareasources.TheResultssectionofthisreportpresentsthebestcurrentlyavailableestimatesofareasourcesfortheinventoriedtoxicairpollutantsforcalendaryear1993intheChicago,MilwaukeeandGaryurbanareas.Theprojectbeginsalongtermstateandfederalefforttocategorizeemissionsfromvariousareasources(andmajorsources)intheGreatLakesregion.AnobjectiveforthestatesintheSWLMstudyistoworkcooperativelywiththeU.S.EPAtoenhanceandstabilizetheregionalinventorysoftwareandprotocoldevelopedunderthiseffort,andasaconsequence,tomakeitpossiblefortheU.S.EPAtousefollowingyearseightstateemissionsdataforriskassessmentpurposesinthefuture.ThestatesbelievethatthisworkwillprovidethestrongestfoundationuponwhichtheU.S.EPAcanbuildthenationalstrategytoreduceurbanareatoxicairemissionsasoutlinedinSection112(k)(3)oftheCAA.FurtherclarificationofobjectivesanddescriptionsofinventoriedsourcesandestimationproceduresusedtoestimateCAA areasourceemissionsbythethreestatesareprovidedintheConclusionssectionandinthestatesummariesprovidedinappendicesAthroughC.XXXIs0AArial BoldI   1986GREATLAKESGOVERNORSTOXICSUBSTANCESCONTROLAGREEMENTANDCAASECTION112(m)XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc  H TheGreatLakesregionhadanadditionalincentivetoundertaketheSWLMproject.Thedevelopmentofmultistateclient/servertoxicairemissioninventorysoftwareandproceduresgoesalongwaytowardmeetingprovisionsoftheCouncilofGreatLakesGovernorsToxicSubstancesControlAgreement(governorsagreement)of1986,whichcalledonthestatestojointlyidentifysourcesofpersistenttoxicsubstancescontaminatingtheGreatLakes.SimilarGreatLakesspecificgoalswerepromulgatedunderSection112(m)oftheCAA.ThefactthattheGreatLakesstatesandtheU.S.federalgovernmentrealizedtheconvergentnatureofthesetwoinitiativesandtiedthemtogetherintoajointlyfundedprojecttomeettheneedsofbothlevelsofgovernmentisinitselfanachievement.Thepilotstudyprovidedauniqueopportunitytosimultaneouslysupportbothregionalandnationalairqualitymanagementefforts.ThisreportdocumentssubstantiveprogresstowardmeetingbothgovernorsagreementandSection112(m)goals.XXXIs0AArial BoldI   GreatLakesStatesGoal:CooperativelyQuantifyingSourcesofToxicSubstancesEnteringtheGreatLakesXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc  H In1986thegovernorsoftheeightGreatLakesstatessignedanagreementthatstated,inpart:0.. ToxiccontaminantsentertheGreatLakesBasinfromawidevarietyofsourcesincludingindustrialdischarges,nonpointsourcesandatmosphericdeposition.ItisacknowledgedthattheatmosphereisasignificantsourceofthetotalbalanceofpollutantsenteringtheGreatLakessystem.However,inmanycasesadditionalresearchisneededtoquantifysourcesoftoxicsubstancestransportedthroughtheatmosphere... Therefore:..0` ..` .. 1.` ..` ThesignatoryStatesagreetocooperateinquantifyingtoxicsubstancesloadingsoriginatingfromallsources,withthepurposeofdevelopingthemostenvironmentallyandeconomicallysoundcontrolprograms...0` ..` .. 2.` ..` ThesignatoryStatesagreetoconsidertheeffectsofairbornepollutantsonhumanhealthandaquaticlifewhensettingairemissionstandardsandgrantingairemissionpermits,andtobetterintegratetheirrespectiveairandwaterprogramstoaddressatmosphericdepositionaffectingthelakes.̀..0` ..` .. 3.` ..` ThesignatoryStatesendorsetheworkoftheatmosphericcomponentoftheGreatLakesinternationalSurveillancePlananditsincreasedfocusonmonitoringtoxicsubstances.In1988thisagreementwasfurtherratifiedbytheprovincesofOntarioandQuXXXayV{rA`4WP MultinationalARomanaJXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularcbec.Sincethattime,theGreatLakesstateshaveworkedcooperativelytodevelopacommonmethodtoquantifyemissionsoftoxicairpollutantsintheregion.Ontariohasparticipatedfullyindiscussions,butisnotyetpreparedtoundertakeaprovincewideairtoxicsinventory.QuXXXayV{rA`4WP MultinationalARomanaJXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularcbechasnotparticipatedintheprojecttodate.̀XXXIs0AArial BoldI   GreatWatersGoal:IdentifyingSourcesofAtmosphericDepositiontotheGreatLakesXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc  H ThegoalofSection112(m)oftheCAA,AtmosphericDepositiontoGreatLakesandCoastalWaters,istoconductaprogramtoidentifyandassesstheextentofatmosphericdepositionofhazardousairpollutants(andatthediscretionoftheadministrator,otherairpollutants)totheGreatLakes,theChesapeakeBay,LakeChamplainandcoastalwaters.Aspartofthisprogram,theU.S.EPAischargedwithinvestigatingthesourceorsourcesofanypollutiontotheGreatLakeswhichisattributabletoatmosphericdeposition.TheGreatLakesstatesmadesignificantprogresstowardmeetingthegoalsofthegovernorsagreementandCAASection112(m)bydevelopingtheRegionalAirPollutantInventoryDevelopmentSystem(RAPIDS)andtestingtheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStates.TheRAPIDSsoftware,andtheaccompanyingprotocolwillbeusedbyalleightGreatLakesstatesinfutureyearstoconductjointpointandareasourceinventoriesofthe49targetcompoundsidentifiedinTable21.RAPIDSdatawillbemadeavailabletostateandU.S.EPAresearchersconductinganalysisoftheeffectsofatmosphericdepositionofairpollutantsontheGreatLakes.Inaddition,other(nonGreatLakes)statesparticipatingintheGreatWatersProgramwillbeofferedcopiesoftheRAPIDSsoftwareandprotocolfortheiruseinestimatingtoxicairemissionsimpactingtheChesapeakeBay,LakeChamplainandthecoastalwatersoftheUnitedStates.Inaddition,thestatesofTexasandLouisianahavefolloweddevelopmentoftheprojecttodateandhaveaccesstothesoftwareandprotocol.TheResultssectionofthisreportbrieflyoutlinesthepointandareasourceemissionestimationandinventorycapabilitiesofRAPIDS. XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularOTARGETCOMPOUNDSXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc ThestudyfocusedontheidentificationofsmallpointandareasourcecategoriesthatcontributethemosttothetotalemissionsofhazardousairpollutantslistedinTable21.Thelistoftargetcompoundswasdevelopedoveraperiodoffiveyears,andisbasedonseveralcriteria.ThelistincludespollutantsidentifiedintheGreatLakesBasinbytheInternationalJointCommissiononthebasisoftoxicitytoaquaticlife,carcinogenicityandtoxiceffectsonhumanhealthandbioaccumulativepotential.TableE1inAppendixEliststhecarcinogenicityratingsforthetargetcompoundsbasedonU.S.EPAsIntegratedRiskInformationSystemDatabase.PollutantshavebeenaddedtothelistbasedonthesuggestionsofindividualGreatLakesstates;theU.S.EPAOfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards;FactorInventoryRetrieval(FIRE)systemdevelopers;U.S.EPAGreatWaters/Section112(m)andUrbanAreaSource112(c)(6)programstaff;andfromthelistofpollutantsidentifiedinSection112(c)(6)oftheCAA.Thecurrentlistof49pollutantsshouldnotbeconsideredfinal.Thereareproceduresintheprotocolforstates,andothers,tosuggesttheadditionordeletionofcompounds.Uponconsensusapprovalofthefulleightstatesteeringcommittee,thelistmaybeamended.SeetheConclusionssectionforsuggestedamendmentstothelistgeneratedbytheSWLMstudy.XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO0..0` ..` Table21:0..ListofTargetCompoundsfortheRegionalToxicAirEmissionsInventoryOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO @..Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO*{| d,O!, O!,O!,O!,O!,!+  1}}~z91 $}~~z$PollutantOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO $}~z$ToxicList $}~~}z$CAS#Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO '  ~~~z  1GreatWaters ~~~z  2GreatLakesCommission ~~~z  3CAA112(c)(6)  '}P '1 ~ Arsenic ~ Yes ~ Yes ~  ~} 7440382 '~}P'2 ~~ Atrazine ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~} 1912249 '~}P'3 ~~ Benz(a)anthracene(1,2Benz(a)anthraceneBenzo(a)anthracene) ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 56553 '~}P'4 ~~ Benzo(a)pyrene ~~ Yes ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 50328 )~}~P')5 ~~~ Cadmium ~~~ Yes ~~~ Yes ~~~  ~~~} 7440439 '}P '6 ~ Carbontetrachloride ~ Yes ~ Yes ~  ~} 56235 '~}P'7 ~~ Chlordane ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~} 57749 '~}P'8 ~~ Chromium ~~ Yes ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 7440473 '~}P'9 ~~ ChromeVI ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 18540299 '~}P'10 ~~ Chrysene(Benz(a)phenanthrene) ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 218019 '~}P'11 ~~ Cobalt ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~} 7440484 '~}P'12 ~~ Cokeovenemissions ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~} 8007452 '~}P'13 ~~ Copper ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~} 7440508 '~}P'14 ~~ 1,2Dichloroethane ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 107062 '~}P'15 ~~ Diethlyhexylphthalate(Bis(2ethylhexyl)Phthalate) ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 117817 '~}P'16 ~~ Dinbutylphthalate ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 84742 '~}P'17 ~~ Dinoctylphthalate ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 117840 '~}P'18 ~~ Dioxins ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~}  '~}P'19 ~~ Ethylbenzene ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~} 100414 '~}P'20 ~~ Fluoranthene(1,2BenzacenaptheneBenzo(jk)fluorene) ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 206440 '~}P'21 ~~ Heptachlor ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~} 76448 '~}P'22 ~~ Hexachlorobenzene ~~ Yes ~~ Yes ~~ Yes ~~} 118741 '~}P'23 ~~ Hexachlorobutadiene ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 87683 '~}P'24 ~~ Hexachloroethane ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 67721 '~}P'25 ~~ Lead ~~ Yes ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 7439921 '~}'26 ~~ Alkylatedleadcompounds ~~  ~~ Yes ~~ Yes ~~} 7439921 '~}'27 ~~ Manganese&compounds ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~}  '~}P'28 ~~ Mercury ~~ Yes ~~ Yes ~~ Yes ~~} 7439976 '~}P'29 ~~ MethoxychlorDimethoxyDDT ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~} 72435 '~}P'30 ~~ MethyleneChlorideMethaneDichlorideFreon30 ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~} 75092 '~}P'31 ~~ Naphthalene ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 91203 '~}P'32 ~~ NickelandcompoundsOh,rAZ"Arial RegularONicarbonylOh,rAZ"Arial RegularONicyanideNIsubsulfide ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~} 1346339355719712035722 '~}P'33 ~~ Parathion ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~} 56382 '~}'34 ~~ Pentachloronitrobenzene(PCNB)(Quintobenzene) ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~} 82688 '~}P'35 ~~ Pentachlorophenol(PCP) ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~} 87865 '~}P'36 ~~ Phenol(CarbolicAcid) ~~ Yes ~~  ~~  ~~} 108952 '~}'37 ~~ Totalpolychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs) ~~ Yes ~~ Yes ~~ Yes ~~} 1336363 '~}'38 ~~ Totalpolychlorinateddibenzodioxins(PCDDs) ~~ Yes ~~ Yes ~~  ~~}  '~}'39 ~~ Totalpolychlorinateddibenzofurans(PCDFs) ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~}  '~}'40 ~~ Totalpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs) ~~ Yes ~~ Yes ~~  ~~}  '~}'41 ~~ Polycyclicorganicmatter(POM) ~~ Yes ~~  ~~ Yes ~~}  '~}'42 ~~ 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzopdioxin(TCDD) ~~  ~~ Yes ~~ Yes ~~} 1746016 )~}~')43 ~~~ 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzofuran(TCDF) ~~~ Yes ~~~ Yes ~~~ Yes ~~~} 51207319 '}P '44 ~ Tetrachloroethene(Tetrachloroethylene1,1,2,2TetrachloroethylenePerchloroethylenePERC) ~  ~ Yes ~  ~} 127184 '~}P'45 ~~ Trichloroethene(Trichloroethylene) ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 79016 '~}P'46 ~~ 1,1,1trichloroethane ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 71556 '~}P'47 ~~ 2,4,5trichlorophenol ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 95954 '~}P'48 ~~ 2,4,6trichlorophenol ~~  ~~ Yes ~~  ~~} 88062 )~}}G)49 ~~} Trifluralin(2,6Dinitron,ndipropyl4(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine) ~~} Yes ~~}  ~~}  ~~}} 1582098Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO1.Compoundslisted(amongothers)onU.S.EPAGreatWatersProgramslistoftargetedtoxicchemicals.2.CompoundsoriginallytargetedbytheGreatLakesCommission.ThefullGLClistnowincludesall49compoundslistedabove.3.Compoundsidentified(amongothers)intheU.S.CleanAirAct,asamendedin1990(Section112(c)(6)).XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc  Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO   3.Methodology   XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc     \Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO6~' xd6cq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcTheSWLMstudyconcentratedonlocatingsignificantsourcesnotcurrentlyregulatedundertheCAA.Thesesourcesincludemanytraditionallyunregulatedsiteswithrelativelysmallgasfired,coalfired,oroilfiredboilers;asphaltandconcreteplants;industriesdealingwithprimarymetals(includingzinc,aluminumandiron),orsecondarymetals(primarilyusedintheprocessingofrefinedmetals);culturedmarblecompanies;woodburningstovesandfireplaces;nonroadengines;andgenerally,anyplacewithanincinerator.Thefocuswasonfindingmanysmallsourceswithinonecountyorurbanareathatcollectivelyreleaselargeamountsofoneormoretoxicairpollutantsofconcern.Fordetaileddiscussionsofmethodology,seeappendicesA,BandCandthe1994AirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocol(underseparatecover).XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXIs0AArial BoldI   4AIRTOXICSEMISSIONSINVENTORYPROTOCOLFORTHEGREATLAKESSTATESXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  H 4TheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStates,finalizedinJune1994,providesinstructionsforthestatestofollowtoensurethecompleteness,accuracy,consistencyandqualityoftheregionaltoxicemissionsinventory.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀEachstateprepareditsportionoftheSWLMpilotinventoryinthemanneroutlinedintheprotocol,andprovidedaqualityassurancecheckontheirstatespecificemissionsdataandestimatestoensurethehighestpossiblequalitydatabase.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcInventorycompleteness,oneofthemostimportantobjectivesoftheprotocol,hasbeenaddressedbyidentifyingallsourcecategoriesthathavethepotentialtoemitoneofthetargettoxicairpollutantswithintheGreatLakestatesregion.Theaccuracyoftheregionalinventoryisaddressedbyusingthemostrecentinformationavailabletoidentifyandlocateemissionsourcesandestimateemissions.TheQA/QCPlanoutlinesprocedurestomaximizethequalityandaccuracyoftheregionalinventorysdataandestimates.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcTheprotocoldoesnotcontainspecific,detailedinformationonestimatingemissionsforeachtypeofdevice/processexpectedtobeencounteredintheGreatLakesregion.Instead,acceptablegenericemissionestimatingtechniques(EETs)areidentifiedfortheemissionsourcesthatproducetoxicemittants.AgenericdiscussionofeachEETandalistoftechnicalreferencesisprovidedforthosewhorequiremoredetailedinformation.U.S.EPArequiredagenciestoprepareInventoryPreparationPlans(IPPs)aspartofthe1990baselinecriteriapollutantinventoriesrequiredundertheCleanAirAct,asamendedin1990.Theprotocolwaspreparedinpartialfulfillmentofthisrequirement.AccordingtotheU.S.EPA,theIPPshouldoutlinetheagencysinventorydevelopmenteffortplan,andpresentanddocumenttheresultingemissionsdataandestimates.TheU.S.EPArecommendedthat,ataminimum,theIPPincludethefollowinginformation:.. Y"0` ..`   definitionoftheinventorysstructure,contentandinventoryarea;.. Y"0` ..`   backgroundandbasisfortheinventory;p..p.. Y"0` ..`   identificationofthepartiesresponsiblefortheinventory;.. Y"0` ..`   identificationofthequalityassurancecoordinator;and.. Y"0` ..`   proceduresusedtocollectdataanddetermineemissions`  (#.S  $ I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)STheprotocolisnotintendedtoreplacetheIPP,butdoesincludemostoftheaboveinformation.Byfocusingontheproceduresthattheparticipatingstatesmustfollowtocompiletheirportionoftheregionaldatabase,theprotocolassignsresponsibilitiesandprocedures(joint,state,GreatLakesCommission,U.S.EPAGLNPO);outlinesprocedurestoidentifyandlocateemissionsourcesoftargetcompounds;guidesselectionofspecificemissionestimationtechniques;instructsstatesoncompilingandupdatingtheregionalrepositoryatGLNPO;outlinesqualityassurance/qualitycontrolproceduresforemissiondataandestimates;andidentifiesandexplainsthefullsuiteofautomatedtoolsavailablefordevelopingtheregionalinventory(RAPIDS,GLCFIRE,Version3.0,andothers).Sincetheparticipatingstatesenvisionthatthefulleightstateregionaldatabaseofairtoxicemissionsdataandestimateswillbeupdatedperiodically,theprotocolalsoprovidestheprocedurestoupdatetheregionalinventoryandanestimatedscheduleforsuchupdates.Procedurestoresolvedifferencesofopinionamongtheparticipatingstatesregardingvariousaspectsoftheregionalinventorydevelopmenteffortareasignificantcomponentoftheprotocol.Figure31onthefollowingpageoutlinesthemajorstepsandcheckpointsthattheprotocolstipulatestheGreatLakesstatesfollowindevelopingtheirportionoftheregionalinventory.Theseincludethecompletionof:staffresourcedevelopment;device/processidentificationinthestudyarea;anddatacollectionrequirementsanalysis.Thedatacollection,emissioncalculationandareasourcereconciliationalsomustbecompleted,aswellasdataentryandpreuploadQA/QCactivities.Finally,asuccessfuluploadtotheregionalrepositoryandtheAerometricInformationRetrievalSystem(AIRS)mustbeaccomplished.Twoimportantissuesfortheinventorydevelopmenteffortaretheappropriatelevelofdetailandtheuseoffacilityversusareaapproachforcalculatingemissions.FortheGreatLakesstatesregionalinventory,theprotocoldefinesthefollowinglevelofdetailasbeingappropriateformeetingthegoalsoftheproject:XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc Y"0..  Emittantsincluded: IncludealltargetcompoundslistedinTable21; Y"0..  Spatialresolution: Bycountyforareasources,andtothenearest100metersforfacilitysourcesandassociateddevices; h ҇ Y"0..  Temporalresolution: Annualemissionsestimatesandannualactivitydata;and H XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc Y"0..  Source/device/processcategorization: Bythemostdetailedsource/device/process,asidentifiedinU.S.EPAsSourceClassificationCodes(SCC)andAreaandMobileSource(AMS)codingsystemsofprocesscodesplusafurtherbreakdownbyStandardIndustrialClassification(SIC),asappropriate,tobettercategorizeagivensource(requiredtopreventtheproblemofinconsistentaggregationofsources/devices/processesamongtheparticipatingstates).   XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularOFigure31:0` ..` MajorStepsandCheckpointsintheRegionalInventoryDevelopmentEffortasStipulatedintheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocol XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcTheprotocoldescribesthetwoemissioncalculationapproachesasfollows: Y"0..  Facilitysourceapproach: Separatelyidentifyeachdevice/processateachfacilitysourceandcalculateitsemissions(oftenreferredtoasafacility/pointsourceapproach);and   Y"0..  Areasourceapproach: Aggregateallsimilaroridenticaldevice/processeswithinadefinedareaandcalculatetheirtotalemissionsdirectlyusingtheappropriatesurrogateactivitydata(thesourceinthiscaseistheareainwhichallofthedevicesarefound,usuallyanentirecounty). H XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcTheareasourceapproachisgenerallyusedforsourcesthataresmallandnumerous,suchasgasolinestationsanddrycleaningestablishments.ThesearenotincludedasfacilitysourcesbecausetheeffortrequiredtogatherandestimateemissionsforeachindividualfacilityisbeyondXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularctheresourcesavailableforinventorydevelopmentefforts.Someareasources,suchasconsumerproducts,havenoanalogasafacilitysource.Theprotocolreferstocertainsoftwaretools(e.g.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularctheRegionalAirPollutantInventoryDevelopmentSystem,RAPIDS,discussedbelow)thatcanbeusedtoprepareastateorprovincesportionoftheregionalinventory.However,theprotocolprocedures,iffollowed,willresultinemissionsdataandestimatesthatarecompatibleandconsistent,whetherornotthesesoftwaretoolsareused.XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXIs0AArial BoldI   4DEVELOPINGANDTESTINGCLIENT/SERVEREMISSIONESTIMATIONANDINVENTORYSOFTWARE:RAPIDSXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  H 4DevelopmentoftheRegionalAirPollutantInventoryDevelopmentSystem(RAPIDS)hasbeenthekeytotheefforttodevelopacomprehensive,accurateandconsistenturbanareaairtoxicemissionsinventoryacrossthreestates.Duringthecourseofthisstudy,theSouthwestLakeMichiganSubcommitteeworkedcloselywiththeprojectsoftwaredevelopmentcontractor,RadianCorporation,todevelopandtestRAPIDS.Theeffortrepresentsthefirstattempttopreparesoftwareforestimatingtoxicpollutantemissionsonamultistatebasis.RAPIDSisaclient/serversystemconsistingofanORACLEXXX_okIA`2WP TypographicSymbols_7XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀbackenddatabasedesignedusingORACLECASEtools,anda suiteoffrontendapplicationsdevelopedusingvarioussoftwaretools(primarilyPowerBuilderXXX_okIA`2WP TypographicSymbols_7XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀandSASXXX_okIA`2WP TypographicSymbols_7XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc).ThesoftwaretakesfulladvantageofnewInternet/GLINconnectionsbetweenthestates,theGreatLakesCommissionandtheU.S.EPAGLNPOofficeinChicago.Seesection4,ResultsfordiscussionontheuseofRAPIDSincompilingtheSWLMinventory.XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcԼXXXIs0AArial BoldI   XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc  H XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularOCOLLECTINGANDCOMPILINGDATAFROMTHREESTATESXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc Emissionestimateswerebasedonthebestavailablestateinventorydata.Thedatapresentedrepresentdifferentlevelsofemissionsreportingrequirementsanddatacollectioneffortsbyeachoftheparticipatingstates.Ifemissionsfromcertainsourcecategoriesaremissingfromonestatesdata,thismayreflectvaryingreportingrequirementsamongthestatesandnotnecessarilytheabsenceofthosesourceswithinthestate.Contacteachindividualstatesqualityassurance/qualitycontrolrepresentative,listedinTable31below,forfurtherinformation.ThestatespromotedconsistencyamongtheirrespectiveinventoriesbyfollowingtheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStates(developedtohelptheeightGreatLakesstatesprepareacomprehensive,regionalairtoxicemissionsinventory)andbyusingemissionsfactorsfromFIREVersion3.0.Ratherthancomparingonestatesemissionsagainstanotherstatesresults,thefocusofthepilotstudywastoprepareareliableandtechnicallyaccurateinventoryforthesouthwestLakeMichiganregionasawholeandtooutlineareaswhereimprovementsareneededinoverallmethodologyandimplementation.Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO Table31:0` ..` PersonnelResponsibleforPilotInventoryCompilationandQualityAssurance/QualityControl * d,d4 ,4d4 ,D4 ,Dd +  -}}}P~@-Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularORole }}}  Illinois }~}  Indiana }~}}  Wisconsin '}PN'Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularOInventoryDevelopmentOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO } Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularOBuzzAsselmeierDivisionofAirPollutionControlILEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO ~ Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularOChrisHammack,SusanBemOfficeofAirManagementINDept.ofEnvironmentalManagementOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO ~} Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularOOrlandoCabreraRiveraBureauofAirManagementWIDept.ofNaturalResourcesOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO )~}}P^@)Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularOQualityAssurance/QualityControlOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO ~}} Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularOBuzzAsselmeierOh,rAZ"Arial RegularODivisionofAirPollutionControlILEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO ~~} Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularOSusanBem,ChrisHammackOh,rAZ"Arial RegularOOfficeofAirManagementINDept.ofEnvironmentalManagementOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO ~~}} Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularOJohnShenotOh,rAZ"Arial RegularOBureauofAirManagementWIDept.ofNaturalResourcesXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcԿ XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularOCOORDINATIONMETHODSXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc Asamultistate,regionaleffort,ahighlevelofcoordinationandcommunicationwasnecessarytoensureconsistencyamongthethreestatesintermsofdatamanagement,methodology,calculationmethodsandotherissues.Tofacilitatethenecessarycommunicationontheseissues,aSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotStudySubcommitteewasestablishedbytheGreatLakesRegionalEmissionInventoryofToxicAirContaminantsSteeringCommittee.Thesubcommittee(seeAppendixG)includedmembersfromthethreeleadstatesandMichiganandobserversfromMinnesota,U.S.EPAandOntario.TheGreatLakesCommissionprovidedprojectmanagementandsecretariatservices.DuringthecourseoftheSWLMstudy,thesubcommitteecommunicatedviadailyemailexchanges,conferencecallsonaweeklyorbiweeklybasis,andmonthlyorbimonthlyinpersonmeetingstooverseecontractordevelopmentoftheinventorysoftware,andtoresolveoutstandingissuesandinconsistenciesamongthethreestatescontributingtothepilotstudy.TheprojectteamdevelopedanInternetgroupmailingservice,airtoxics@greatlakes.net,whichfacilitatedtransmittalofthousandsofmessagesamongthesubcommitteemembers,contractors,andwithalargergroupofsteeringcommitteemembers,peerreviewers,universityandindustryresearchers,otherGreatWaters/UrbanAreaSourcestates(includingTexasandLouisiana),andfederalagencyrepresentatives.TheGreatLakesCommissionholdsacompletearchiveofallairtoxics@greatlakes.netmessages,includingminutesforallconferencecallsandinpersonmeetings.Thecompleteemailaddresslistfortheairtoxics@greatlakes.netmailingserviceisincludedinAppendixI.Finally,aQualityAssurance/QualityControl(QA/QC)Committeewasformedtoreviewthepilotstudyreport,establishQA/QCcriteriaforusebythethreestatesandensurethereportprovidesanaccurateandusefulsummaryoftoxicairemissionsattheregionallevel.MembersoftheSWLMRegionalQA/QCsubcommitteearelistedinAppendixH.MinutesofthiscommitteesmeetingsandallemailtransactionshavebeenarchivedbytheGreatLakesCommission.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc6~' xd6  Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO   4...Results  XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc   XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularOURBANAREASOURCEEMISSIONSESTIMATIONGOALUNDERTHE1990CAAXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcTheresultssummarizedbelowshouldbeviewedasafirststepforusebypolicymakersandothersinvolvedinairqualitymanagement.Thesedatacansupportregulatorydecisionsifusedinconjunctionwithothersourcesofqualityassureddata.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀWiththeseresults,andanenhancedunderstandingofcurrentinventorycapabilities,additionalquestionscanbeasked,issuescanbemorepreciselyframed,andthegoalsandobjectivesoffutureinventoryeffortscanbespecifiedingreaterdetail.Inshort,thepilotstudyshouldbeviewedasaninitialefforttobridgethegapbetweenthescienceofinventoryingtoxicairemissionsandthepublicpolicydebateconcerninghowtheseemissionsaffecthumanhealthandtheenvironmentandhowtheyshouldbeaddressed.Thetablesandchartsbeginningonpage28providetheresultsoftheregionalinventoryforthesouthwestLakeMichiganpilotstudyarea.Itisimportanttonotethat,asapilotstudy,thesubcommitteehasrefrainedfrominterpretingtheresultsorfromdrawingmajorconclusionsthatmighthavepolicyimplications.Inaddition,thesubcommitteefindsthat,beyondtheactualresults,theprocessofcompilingtheregionalinventoryhas,itself,provenextremelyvaluableasameansofresolvingthemanytechnical,methodological,andpolicyrelatedissuesthatimpactamultistate,regionaltoxicairemissionsinventory.Importantlessonshavebeenlearned,andwhilethesemaynotbeimmediatelyapparentfromthetablesandchartsbelow,theywillnonethelessbeputtouseincompilingthefull,eightstateinventoryfortheGreatLakesregion.PerhapsthemostimportantoutcomeoftheprojectisthattheSWLMpilotstudyillustratedtheseriousshortcomingswhichstillexistintheemissionsinventoryestimates(seeregionalresultspage28),andsuggestednecessarystepsthatmustbemadetoensuredataqualityforestimatingvariouspollutantgroupings(seeSection5,Conclusions).XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularOXXXIs0AArial BoldI   4SouthwestLakeMichiganUrbanAreaSourceInventory 4XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO  H XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcTheU.S.EPAGLNPOofficeservesastherepositoryfortheSouthwestLakeMichiganUrbanAreaSourceInventoryXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc.SmallpointandareasourcetoxicairemissionsdatacollectedbythestatesofIllinois,IndianaandWisconsinresideintherepository.Internetaccesstotheinventory,usingtheRAPIDSclientsoftware,isavailabletoselectresearchers.PetitionsforaccessshouldbedirectedtotheGreatLakesCommission.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXIs0AArial BoldI   1990CAASection112(c)(6):AProtocolforInventoryingPollutantSubsetsXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  H XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc0..PerhapsthemostsignificantcontributiontothegoalsofCAASection112(c)(6)relatestotheidentifiedneedforbettermethodologyforuseinnextyearsfulleightstateregionalinventory.Withtheassistanceofaqualityassurance/qualitycontrolsubcommittee,thestatesdraftednewmethodology,titledQA/QCforPollutantSubsets,tobeaddedtotheprotocol.XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcelTD@z Lfpf@ HKKKK@ePAHemissionestimatesshouldincludetotalemissionsforseveralpollutants(subsets),anumberofwhichwereseparatelyinventoriedinthisstudy.Figure41showsthehierarchyofPOMandPAHcompounds.Similarly,totalchromeshouldincludeemissiontotalsforchromeVIXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc,aseparatelyinventoriedpollutant.TotalemissionsforPAHshouldequalorexceedthesumofallPAHcompounds;andtotalchromeemissionsshouldexceedemissionestimationsforchromeVI.However,emissionfactorsinFIREVersion3.0mayexistinoneofthreecombinations:1)factorsforPAHandfactorsforassociatedcompounds;2)factorsjustforPAH;or3)factorsjustforsomeoftheassociatedcompounds.AsimilarsituationoccurswithchromeandchromeVI.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcTheQualityAssurance/QualityControlCommitteeexpectedthatemissionsestimatesforPOM,PAHandthePAHsubsetswouldrelatetooneanotherasfollows:POMXXXEV{rA`WP MathAE$XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcPAHXXXEV{rA`WP MathAE$XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularcnaphthalene+benz(a)anthracene+benzo(a)pyrene+chrysene+fluorantheneInfact,duetotheavailabilityanduseofselectedemissionfactors,naphthaleneemissionestimatesexceededPAHemissionestimates.Asimilarerroroccurredinthechromiumandhexavalentchromeemissionestimates.TheSWLMpilotstudysubcommitteerecognizesthediscrepanciesinthesetotalsandhasdraftedmethodology,presentedinSection5,Conclusions,torectifythiserror.ThenextstepforimprovingthepollutantsubsetestimationmethodologyintheprotocolisreviewandrefinementbytheeightGreatLakesstates,OntarioandU.S.EPA;uponconsensusapprovalbytheeightGreatLakesstatesthemethodologywillbeaddedtotheprotocol.   H XXXIs0AArial BoldI   CAASection112(k)AreaSourceProgram:ToxicEmissionsfromUrbanAreaSourcesXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  H XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcTheSWLMpilotstudyemissionsinventoryforsmallpointandareasourcesintheChicago,MilwaukeeandGaryurbanareasaresummarizedinthefollowingtablesandfigures: Table41:RegionalSummaryofPollutantEmissions,byStateandRegion,forAllInventoriedSourcesintheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotProjectStudyArea,1993: Thistable,beginningonpage28,liststotalemissionsinpoundsperyear,fromallinventoriedsources,foreachofthe49targetcompoundsinventoriedinthepilotstudy.Totalsareshownforeachstatesportionoftheinventory,aswellasforthe12countyregionasawhole.Thissummaryisintendedtoprovideageneraloverviewoftoxicairpollutantsinthe12countystudyarea.Whilethedatacanbebrokendownfurther,doingsowouldfocusattentiononalevelofdetailthatmaynotbeappropriateatthispointinthestudyprocess.XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcAppendixEprovidesthecarcinogenicityratingsforthepollutantsinventoriedintheSWLMproject,basedonU.S.EPAsIntegratedRiskInformationSystem(IRIS)Database.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀRatingsintheIRISdatabasearebasedonagencyconsensuspositionsonthepotentialadversehumanhealtheffectsofapproximately500substances,updatedmonthly.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀThecarcinogenicityratingsprovidedinAppendixEarefromSeptember1995. X  I Table42:RegionalToxicAirEmissionsbyInventoriedSourcefortheSouthwestLakeMichiganPilotProjectStudyArea,1993: Thistable,beginningonpage30,summarizespollutantemissionsforeachSICcodeandareasourceincludedinthepilotstudy.Theinformationinthetableisdisplayedintwoparts.ThepageontheleftshowsthecontributionfromeachSICcodetothetotalemissionsofeachpollutant,inpounds.ThepageontherightdisplaysthepercentagecontributionfromeachSICtothetotalemissionsofeachpollutant.EachsetoffacingpagesshowdataforthesameSICs.AppendixDprovidesacomprehensivelistingofSICcodesavailableintheRAPIDSdatabase. H Figures46through435:EstimatedEmissionsfromSmallPointandAreaSourcesintheSouthwestLakeMichiganStudyArea,1993: XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcThepiechartsbeginningonpage73showthepercentageemissioncontributionsfromsmallpointsources(bySICcode)andareasources(bytype)tothetotalareasourceemissionsforeachoftheinventoriedpollutants.c(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularO1986GreatLakesGovernorsToxicSubstancesControlAgreementandCAASection112(m)XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXIs0AArial BoldI XXXIs0AArial BoldIXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcWorkingtogetheronthispilotproject,theGreatLakesstates,andparticularlytheleadstatesofIllinois,Indiana,WisconsinandMichigan,havesetanationalexampleofcooperativeemissionsinventorydevelopmentacrossstates.Theeffortsthestateairagenciesareundertakingtogetherinthisproject,supportedbyU.S.EPA,isunprecedentedXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc.TheGreatLakesstateshavedevelopedandaresharingwitheachotheracoreofexpertiseintoxicinventorydevelopment;infact,inMay1995theSWLMpilotstateshostedaregionaltrainingseminarattheU.S.EPAGLNPOofficeinChicago.Usingtheofficescomputertrainingfacility,thestatesofferedahandsonRAPIDStrainingprogramtoemissioninventoryspecialistsfromthestatesofMinnesota,NewYork,Ohio,Pennsylvania,OntarioandU.S.EPARegion5.PilotinventorystatepersonnelfromIllinois,Indiana,MichiganandWisconsineachdevelopedandtaughtcomponentsofthetwodaysession.AnimportantresultfromtheSWLMpilotinventoryisthatthestateslearnedhowtoconductamultistateinventoryandarenowpoisedforasuccessfulregionwide,eightstateeffort.TheconcreteimplicationsintermsofthegovernorsagreementandCAASectionXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀ112(m)willbeseenin1996andthereafter.However,iftheSWLMpilotstudyhadnotbeenconducted,thepilotstudystatesexpectthatthequalityoftheresultsfromthefull,eightstateregionalinventorywouldbegreatlyreduced.XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcTheSWLMprojectbeganauniqueprocesswherebymultiplestatescollaboratedtodevelopcommonclient/serversoftware,andpopulatedandtestedacoresystemwhileworkingontheirownjurisdictionspecificenhancementsandmadethesemodificationsavailabletootherstouseasneeded.Stateshaveagreedtomaintaintheabilitytopopulatetheregionalrepositorycoresystem,whilemodifyingtheirstatespecificsystemstomeettheirownevolvingneeds.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcMichiganandWisconsinhavemovedastepfurtherwithRAPIDSandbotharebuildingmajorRAPIDScomponentsintotheirstateemissioninventorysystems.TheMichiganXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcDepartmentofEnvironmentalQualityestimatesthattheuseofRAPIDShassavedthestatebetween$300,000and$500,000,andperhapsmore.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXIs0AArial BoldI   T 3  OVERVIEWOFTHERAPIDSSYSTEMT 3  XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  H XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcAcopyoftheRAPIDSsoftware(Version1.5)andusermanualmaybedownloadedviaanonymousftpfromtheGreatLakesInformationNetwork(ftp.greatlakes.net/pub/greatlakes/RAPIDS/ver1_5).XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcRAPIDSisaclient/serversystemconsistingofanORACLEXXX_okIA`2WP TypographicSymbols_7XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀbackenddatabasedesignedusingORACLECASEtools,andasuiteoffrontendapplicationsdevelopedusingvarioussoftwaretools(primarilyPowerBuilderXXX_okIA`2WP TypographicSymbols_7XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀandSASXXX_okIA`2WP TypographicSymbols_7XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc).ThedesignoftheRAPIDSsystemisdepictedinFigure42.TheRAPIDSsystemincludesthefollowingcomponents:"0..AnORACLEbackenddatabaseconsistingofvariousORACLEdatatablesofemissionsdataandestimateslocatedonaseparate(i.e.,separatefromthefrontendclientapplications)fileserverateachparticipatingstate.klZJFz| `@pb@ HKKKK@k"0..AsetofORACLEdatatablesofemissionsdataandestimateslocatedattheU.S.EPAGLNPOofficecontainingemissionsdataandestimatesobtainedfromeachoftheparticipatingϼstates(i.e.,aregionaldatabaseofemissionsdataandestimates).RAPIDSincludesaclient/applicationthatuploads(GLNPOUpload)eachstate'ssetofORACLEtablestotheregionalrepositorylocatedatGLNPO."0..DataImportandDataExportclientapplicationsthatfacilitatetheimportofemissionsdataandestimatesmaintainedbythestatesexternaltoRAPIDSintothebackenddatabase,andwhichfacilitatetheexportofdatafromthebackenddatabaseintoASCIIfiles(i.e.,importfileformat)."0..AFIREUploadclient/application(thisapplicationisunderdevelopment)thatwilluploadtheemissionfactorscontainedinFIRE(FactorInformationRetrievalSystem)intoareferencetableusedtocalculateemissions.FIREisanemissionfactordatabaserepositorydevelopedbyU.S.EPA.TheemissionfactorscontainedinFIREhavebeenincorporatedintoRAPIDSandusedwithinthesystemtocomputeemissionestimatesforcertainsourcecategories."0..AsetofDataEntryclient/applicationsdevelopedinPowerBuilderthatconsistofvariousforms/screenstoenterdifferenttypesofemissionsdata,andemissionestimatesderivedexternaltoRAPIDS."0..EmissionEstimatorclient/applicationthatallowstheusertocomputeemissionestimatesusingavarietyofemissionestimationtechniques(e.g.,productofactivitydataandanapprovedemissionfactor,speciationofeitherparticulatematterorVOCemissionestimatesoruserdefinedalgorithms)thatmatchpreestablishedSCC/compoundspecificmethodologieslistedintheprotocol.(Theprotocolisacomprehensivedocumentthatdescribesthemethodologiestheparticipatingstateswillusetocompiletheregionalinventory,includingtheprocedurestoresolvedifferencesofopinion.)AsampleemissionestimationscreenisdepictedinFigure43andshowsthevariousoptionsavailabletotheuserforestimatingemissions.̀"0..AQCCheckerclient/applicationthatperformsvariousstatisticalchecksontheemissionsdataandestimatescontainedintheORACLEbackenddatabase.Duetotimeconstraints,thestatesdidnottesttheautomatedQCCheckerduringtheSWLMpilotproject.Section5,Conclusions,providesfurtherdiscussionoftheQCChecker.Figure51showsasampleQCCheckerscreen.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc"0..AReportGeneratorconsistingofvariousclient/applicationsthatgeneratesummaryreportsoftheemissionsdataandestimatescontainedintheORACLEbackenddatabase."0..ADataConverterclient/applicationthatconvertstheemissionsdataandestimatesintotheU.S.EPAAIRSFacilitySubsystem(AFS)transactionrecords.DiscussionoftheRAPIDStoAIRSdataconverterisprovidedinSection5,Conclusions,underImplicationsforRAPIDS.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcclRB>z L4! `@pb@ HKKKK@c߼ XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularODescriptionoftheRAPIDSDataModel XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcTheRAPIDSdatamodelisthecornerstoneoftheRAPIDSsystem.Itconsistsofacoredatamodelthatincludesentitiesthatarecommonorsharedbymostmissioncriticalapplications,suchasemissioninventory,permittingandcompliance.AsmoreapplicationsareaddedtotheRAPIDSsystem,thecoredatamodelwillbeextendedtoincludetheadditionalentities/attributesneededtosupportthesenewapplications.Assuch,thecoredatamodelisthefoundationuponwhichtheenterpriseisbuilt.Thestrongerthefoundation,themorerobusttheenterprise.TheRAPIDScoredatamodelcanbeviewedasconsistingofthefollowingModules:Geographic,Legal,Source,Device,Process,StreamandMaterial.RAPIDSisgeoreferencedandlocationscanbeenteredaseitherpoints,linesorpolygons.ThedataflowinRAPIDSisillustratedinFigure44.RAPIDSfollowsageographicsourcedeviceprocessstreamhierarchy.Atthegeographicsourcedevicelevels,physical/locationalinformationisstoredandmanaged.Everysourcetypehasaprocess,everyprocessislocatedatadeviceandeverydeviceislocatedatasource.Processesareassociatedwithinputandoutputstreamsthattransferenergyandmaterialintoandoutoftheprocess.Outputstreamstransportairpollutantemissions(gaseousstreams),watercontaminants(liquidstreams),solidandhazardouswastematerials(solidstreams),andproducts(productstreams)generatedbyaprocess.Inputstreams/materialsfeeddevice/processcombinationsandaretransformedintooutputstreams/materials.Bothphysicalconnectivitybetweendevicesandlogicalconnectivityforvariousdevice/processcombinationsaretracked.Logicalconnectivityallowsthepropertrackingofstreamsfordifferentdevice/processcombinationswhenthepathwayisprocessspecific.Forexample,aboilerburningoilmighthavedifferentcontrolsthanwhenthesameunitisburninggas.InRAPIDS,thatsituationwouldberepresentedbytwoseparateprocessesandthelogicalconnectivitywouldallowtheusertotracktheassociatedstreamsthroughdifferentpiecesofcontrolequipment.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcThefeaturesoftheRAPIDSdatamodelthatprovidetheflexibilityneededtohandlemultimediaenvironmentaldatamanagementneeds,aswellascomplexityofdeviceandprocessconnections,areitemizedbelow. , V  H slbRNz| .`.b@ HKKKK@s Y"0..  Therearearelativelysmallnumberoftablesrequiredtoquantifyandcharacterizesourcesofemissions.Thisisachievedbyadesignthatishighlytable-driven. ,  , Y"0..  Afullrecord,ratherthanasinglefield,isusedtostoreinformationonadataitem.Thisisameansofprovidingcompleteinformationonthedataitemofinterest,includingthecontext(when,whereandsubjectmaterial),confidentiality,andreferenceinformation(otherdocuments,whoandwhenthedatawereentered).Thisisreferredtoasa flexibleattributeformat,whichcontrastswiththefixedattributesusedinmostotherdatamodels(seediscussionbelowontheactivityrecordstructure).  ,  , Y"0..  Onlyasinglesourcetable,asingledevicetableandasingleprocesstableisneededtocontaindataonalltypesofsources,devicesandprocesses,includingbothpointandareasources.  ,  , Y"0..  Entitiescanbegroupedasneededandactivityrecordscanbeassociatedwithsuchgroups(e.g.,agroupofrelatedprocessesinuseduringanoperatingscenario).    H XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularOActivityRecordStructureXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc Thetraditionaldatamodelingapproachforstoringthevalueofadataiteminadatabaseistheuseofafixedattributefieldforthatdataitem.Thatfieldisincludedinatablealongwithotherdataitemsusedtoquantifyorqualifytheobjectofinterest.Forexample,thevalueoftemperatureofaprocesswouldhaveafieldcalledTEMPERATUREincludedinatableforthesubjectprocess;theunits(FahrenheitorCelsius)wouldnotbecodedbutwouldbeimpliedandlistedinthedatadictionaryforthedatabase.ThemethodusedinRAPIDSforstoringnearlyallattributeinformationisanactivityrecord.Anactivityrecordcancontainanytypeofdata(e.g.,temperature,tankcolor,emissions),anyformofdata(i.e.,numeric,characterorlogical),andinformationonanyentityinthedatabase:Geographic,Legal,Source,Device,Process,StreamandMaterial.Thismethodofstoringdataisreferredtoasa"flexibleattribute"method.Althoughtheactivityrecordmethodrequiresmoredatastorage,itprovidesmuchgreaterflexibility.Figure45showshowtheflexibleandfixedattributemethodscompare.Inthisfigure,aFloatingRoofTankTablehasbeendesignedasafixedattributetabletouseasinglerecordtorecordallphysicalparameters.Theunitsandtimeperiodassociatedwiththedataintheserecordsarenotexplicitlystoredinthedatabase;theunitsarepredefinedinthedatadictionary(anddisplayedinahardcodedtable)andtheyearisunderstoodorincludedinthenameofthedatabase.Intheflexibleapproach,thephysicalparametersoffloatingrooftanksareincludedinasingleActivityTablewhichcontainsallparameters,includingphysicalparametersondevices.TheActivityTableusesonerecordforeachparameterstored;ametricisusedtodefinetheparameter(discussedfurtherbelow).Valuesoftheparametercanbecharacter,numericorlogical.TheActivityTableincludesthestartdate/timeandtheenddate/timefortheperiodoverwhichthevalueofthatparameterwasvalid;ablankenddate/timeindicatesthatthevalueiscurrentlyvalid.Useofstartandenddate/timeprovidestheflexibilitytocodeanytimeperiod,notjustafixedtimeperiodimplicitlyusedforagiventable.Inaddition,thisapproachmakespossibletheinclusionofpreviousvaluesofthesameparameterwiththedate/timethatthevaluechanged(asshownincolumnfourofFigure45forthecolorofthetank).Theunitsareexplicitlycoded;thisallowsforentryofanyvalidunits(sothatunitsdonotneedtobemanuallyconvertedtotherequirementsofthedatabase)andmakesautomationofunitconversionrelativelyeasy.klZJFz| `b@ HKKKK@kAmetricisacodethatidentifiesaspecifictypeofdatathatcanbemeasuredandrecordedinanactivityrecord.Metricsaredefinedforthedatatypesofinterest.ExamplesofmetriccodesarePROTEMP,VOLRATE,DISCHARGE,andIDPTAFSforthetemperatureofaprocess,theratethatavolumeofmaterialcanflowinastream,themassofmaterialdischargedintotheenvironmentandtheAIRSidentificationnumberforapointofdischarge,respectively.ThecompletecontentsofaRAPIDSactivityrecordareasfollows: Y"0..  Thespecificsource,device,processorstreamwithwhichthevalueisassociated; Y"0..  Metric--acodedescribingthetypeofactivitydata(e.g.,temperature,massflowofemissions,colorofatank,IDnumberusedinanothersystem); Y"0..  StartDate/Time--thedateandtimeatthebeginningoftheperiodoftheactivitydatarecorded; Y"0..  EndDate/Time--thedateandtimeattheendoftheperiodoftheactivitydatarecorded(maybethesameastheStartDate/Timeforaneventorblankifthevaluecontinuestobethecurrentvalue); Y"0..  Material--aname/codedescribingthetypeofmaterialwithwhichastreamormaterialactivitydatarecordisassociated(e.g.,anemittant,product,fuel,chemicalorliquidwaste); Y"0..  ValueType--acodeidentifyingthebasisonwhichaproductionoremissionratevaluewasdeveloped(allowed,maximum,minimum,average,designcapacityorpotentialXXX_okIA`2WP TypographicSymbols_CXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularcthisfieldisblankforactualdata); Y"0..  Value--thedataquantifyingorqualifyingtheactivitydata(includingnumericandtextinformation); Y"0..  Units--acodefortheunitsoftheactivitydatavalue(ifany); Y"0..  Confidential--aflagfortheconfidentialstatusofthedata; Y"0..  Method--acodeforthemethodusedtogeneratetheactivitydata(e.g.,emissionfactor); Y"0..  Reference--thetypeandidentificationofotherinformationassociatedwithhowthisvaluewasgenerated;and Y"0..  Entrydocumentation--acodeforwhoenteredthedataandthedatewhenitwasentered.Thepowerandflexibilityoftheactivityrecordapproachofstructuringattributedataisevidentbythefactthatanewdataitemcanbeaddedtothedatabasesimplybydefininganewmetric.Thetimeperiodofthedataiscompletelyflexible.Nothingintheactivityrecordisimplied;thetimeperiod,unitsofmeasureandmaterialmeasuredareenteredexplicitly.Theoriginalvaluewithitsunitsofmeasurecanbereportedasactuallyrecordedratherthanusingconvertedunitsthatdonotcorrespondtotheoriginaldocumentation.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc    Conceptually,RAPIDSisaprocessorientedsystem.TheparadigmthatRAPIDSfollowsistoperformamassbalanceonalldevice/processcombinationsforanytimeperiodofinterestatagivensource(i.e.,facility).XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcIttreatsasourceasacontrolvolume.Insidethatcontrolvolumearesmallercontrolvolumes(i.e.,devices)whereprocessesoccur.Amassbalance(i.e.,atrackingofallinputandoutputstreams/materials)foreachprocessatadeviceistracked,andinthismanner,amassbalanceontheentiresourcecanbeperformed,ifdesired.XXXU* `(CG TimesScalableUStreamsthatentertheenvironmentareactuallyidentifiedasadifferentvariable(i.e.,dischargeascomparedtomass/volumeflow).Inthismannerallstreamsaretrackedandcharacterizedbytheirphysicalstate(e.g.,gaseous,liquid,solid,etc...)andassociatedmaterials,andnotwhethertheyarewasteorproductstreams.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcԀRAPIDS,initsconceptualformulation,canbeextendedtoincludeallmedia,includingbothwasteandproductstreams,inoneintegrateddatabase,andcouldfunctionasamultimediaenterprisesystem. H XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularONewSource,DeviceandProcessCodesXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc RAPIDSincludesitsownsetofsource,deviceandprocesscodes(RAPIDSprocesscodesaredifferentfromSCCandAMScodes;however,itispossibletomapthelattercodestotheirRAPIDSequivalent).TheseRAPIDScodesarenotspecifictoaparticularcategorizationofemissionsources,(e.g.,pointorarea,asiscommoninmostotherinventorysystems).Therefore,allsources,devicesandprocessesinRAPIDS,oranygroupingoftheseentities,canusethesameRAPIDScodes.Forexample,thedevicecode DRYCLEANINGEQUIPMENTisusedforallsuchequipment,whetheritisanareasource(i.e.,agroupofdrycleaningequipmentassociatedwithagroupofdrycleaningfacilities)orapointsource(i.e.,aspecificpieceofdrycleaningequipmentataspecificdrycleaningfacility).̀ XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularOCommonTreatmentofPointandAreaSourcesXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc OneoftheuniquefeaturesofRAPIDSisitscommontreatmentofpointandareaemissionsources.Inmostsystems/databases,pointandareasourcesaretreateddifferently,andtheresultingemissionestimatesaretypicallystoredinseparatedatabases,oneforpointsourcesandanotherforareassources.RAPIDStreatsallsourcetypes,whethertheyarepointorarea(orevenmobile),inthesamemanner.ThekeytothecommontreatmentofpointandareasourcesistheabilityofRAPIDStoaccommodategroupsofsources,devicesand/orprocesses.Asourcecanbeanindustrialfacility,suchasalargedrycleaningfacilityorautility(examplesoftypicalpointsources),orusingthegroupingcapabilityofRAPIDS,agroupofsmalldrycleaners.Adevicecanbeapieceofstationaryindustrialequipment,suchastheequipmentusedtodrycleanclothesoraboiler,or,again,usingthegroupingcapability,agroupofdrycleaningequipment,agroupofboilersatanindustrialfacilityoragroupoffuelburningequipmentassociatedwithagroupofhomes.AnexampleofhowRAPIDSwouldtreatdrycleanersasanareasourceisasfollows.Theuserwouldcreateasourcegroupthatincludedalldrycleanersinagivencounty.Thenadevicegroupthatincludedalldrycleaningequipmentassociatedwiththedrycleaningestablishmentsthatweremembersoftheabovementionedsourcegroupwouldbecreated.Followingthisparadigm,aprocessgroupwouldbecreatedfortheabovementioneddevicegroupwithinputandoutputstreams.Theemissionsassociatedwiththegroupofdrycleaningestablishmentswouldbestoredontheoutputstreamoftheprocessgroup.Thisformulationallowstheusertheflexibilitytotreatlargedrycleaningfacilitiesasdiscretepointsourcesandtheremainingsmallerdrycleaningestablishmentsinacountyasagroupofsources.Treatingpointandareasourcetypesthesame,bothinthestructureofthedatabaseandthecodesusedforthesetypes(seebelow),facilitatesreconciliationbetweenthesetwotypesofemissionsources.Doublecountingofemissionscanbeeasilyavoidedastheemissionsassociatedwiththelargedrycleaningfacilitycanbesubtractedfromtheemissionsassociatedwiththesourcegroup.Inthismanner,alltypicalareasourcecategoriescanbeaccommodatedusingthesamesource/device/process/streamparadigmusedtocharacterizetypicalpointsources.Insteadofusingpointandareasources,theusersimplydecideswhenitismoreconvenienttostoreandmanageinformationatthe member(i.e.,adiscretesource/device/process)orthe group(i.e.,agroupofsource/device/processes)level.Differenttreatmentscanbeusedfordifferentpurposes.Forthedrycleaningexample,riskassessmentstudiesmayrequiretreatingevensmalldrycleanersasdiscretesources;however,photochemicalmodelingstudiesmightonlyneedtocharacterizeemissionsfromdrycleanersatthecountylevel(i.e.,agroupofdrycleaningestablishmentslocatedinagivencounty). XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularOOverviewofEmissionEstimationinRAPIDS XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcTheRAPIDSdatamodelallowsforverycomplexmaterialflowrelationsamongdevices.TheEmissionEstimatorwasdesignedtotrackandrecordtheamountofamaterialofinterest(i.e.,emittants)flowingintoandoutofeachprocessasthematerialflowsdownstream.Theterminologyusedtodefinevariousdevicesrelativetotheirflowcharacteristicsisasfollows: Y"0..  Anoriginatingdeviceisadevicethatcreatesastreamandhasnoinputsofthatemittant(andisthedevicewheretheSCCAMScodeisstored); Y"0..  Astackdeviceisadevicethatdischargesastreamintotheenvironmentwithoutalteringtheamountsoftheemittantinvolved;and Y"0..  Acontroldeviceisadevicethatalterstheamountoftheemittantinastreamasthatstreampassesthroughthedevice.Ingeneral,thesedefinitionsareemittantspecific.Adevicecouldcreateonematerialstreamandalteranothermaterialstream(e.g.,ascrubberreducesSO2gasandcreatesaliquidwastecontainingsulfurcompounds).TheRAPIDSEmissionEstimatorassumesthatalldevicesfitoneofthesecategoriesregardlessoftheemittant.ThecalculatedemissionsforagivenexecutionoftheEmissionEstimatorarestoredintheActivityTableforastream.Summaryreports,suchastheSourceDetailReportandtheTier123Report,aregeneratedbyreadingtheActivityTablerecordscontainingthisdata.ThefollowingMetricCodesareusedtoidentifytheamountofmaterialinastreamActivityTable: Y"0..  MASSFLOWistheamountofmaterialthattravelsthroughaconnectiontoanotherdevice;and Y"0..  DISCHARGEistheamountofmaterialthatisdischargedtotheenvironment.Allstreamshavetheamountofmaterialflowinginastreamusingoneofthesemetriccodes.TheMASSFLOWandDISCHARGEofemissionsfromanoriginatingdeviceisthesameasuncontrolledemissions.Reportingofemissionsrequiresthattheemissionsenteringtheatmosphere(i.e.,controlledemissions)beassociatedwithanSCCAMScodewhichisstoredwiththeoriginatingdevice.RAPIDSidentifiestheseemissionswiththedevicethatdischargedtheemissions,notthedevicefromwhichtheemissionsoriginated.Inordertofacilitatereportingofcontrolledemissions,RAPIDSusesathirdMetricCodetocoverthiscase.TheMetricCodeDOWNSTRMDIS(fordownstreamdischarge)istheamountofmaterialthatwascreatedinanoriginatingdeviceandactuallydischargedtotheenvironment.Downstreamdischargeiscalculatedbysummingindividualdischargesofemissionscreatedbytheoriginatingdevice(i.e.,stackemissionsandfugitiveemissions).RAPIDSwritesaDOWNSTRMDISActivityTablerecordattheoutputstreamoftheoriginatingdevice.Themethodsthatcanbeusedtocalculateemissionsare:0.. Y"0` ..`   MassBalance;0.. Y"0` ..`   EmissionFactors(usinggenericandsourcespecificemissionfactors);and0.. Y"0` ..`   Speciation(usinggenericandsourcespecificspeciationfactors).Themethod(s)applicabletoanysource,device,processandmaterialareidentifiedintheprotocoldocumentandthenincorporatedintoRAPIDS.Thishelpsensureconsistencyamongallusersincalculatingemissionestimatesforagivensourcecategory.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  gXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularOPiechartswerenotcreatedforthefollowing19pollutantsduetothelackofinventoriedsourcedata:XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc AtrazineChlordaneCokeovenDiethylhexylphthalateDi-n-butylphthalateDi-n-octylphthalateDioxins;2,3,7,8,equivalentHeptachlorHexachlorobenzeneHexachlorobutadieneHexachloroethaneAlkylatedPbcompoundsMethoxychlorParathionPentachloronitrobenzenePentachlorophenol2,4,5Trichlorophenol2,4,6TrichlorophenolTrifluralinXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc6~' xd6XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO  Oh,rAZ"Arial RegularO   45.Conclusions 4  hXXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO   XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcThethreestatesthatconductedtheSWLMstudybelievethatthetoxicairemissionestimatescontainedinSection4,Results,ofthisreportandavailableforU.S.EPAandGreatLakesstateonlinereviewattheregionalrepositoryattheU.S.EPAGreatLakesNationalProgramOfficeinChicago,representthebestsinglecompilationofsuchestimates.Thepilotstudysconclusionsfocusonwaystoimprovetheemissionestimationprotocol,enhancequalitycontrolofmultistatetoxicinventoriesofemissionsfromlargeandsmallsources,streamlineautomatedproceduresandoutlinenextstepsinreachingthegoalofinstitutionalizingafulleightstatetoxicairemissionsinventory.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcTheemissionestimatesprovidedhereinmustbeviewedasapiloteffort;areasourceemissionestimationtechniquesforurbanareasintheGreatLakesregionwillimproveovertimeasthelessonslearnedinthiseffortareincorporatedbythestatesandasnewemissionfactorsarepropagatedforthetoxicsofinterest.Duringthenextfewyears,theGreatLakesstateswillbeworkingtogethertoinventorythetargetlistoftoxicsfromallsourcesintheregion.Oncetheeightstate,regionwideinventoryiscompletedandqualityassured,thecompileddatacanbeusedtosupportstudiesontherelativeimpactsoftheinventoriedemissionsandregulatorydecisions.XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularOXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXIs0AArial BoldI   IMPLICATIONSFORTHEPROTOCOLXXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  H XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularOXXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman RegularcThepilotstudyprovidedatrialrunfortheGreatLakesAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocol.Thethreestatesthatparticipatedinthepilotstudyusedtheprotocolindevelopingtheirportionsofthepilotinventory.Withthisexperience,theprotocolcanberefinedtoaddressissuesthataroseduringthepilotstudy.XXXIs0AArial BoldI XXXIs0AArial BoldIPollutantSubsetsXXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman Regularc XXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcItwillmostlikelybenecessarytoaddawholesectiontotheprotocolonpollutantcategoriesandhowtoreconcileautomatedestimateswithwhatisknownaboutthe realworldemissionofthesepollutants,includinghowtointerpretthedata.TheminimumgoaloftheSWLMpilotstudywastouseemissionfactorstoestimateemissionsofhazardousairpollutants.Goingtothenextlevelwouldinvolverectifyingthegroup/groupmembersrelationships.Thefollowingisdraftmethodology,preparedbytheSWLMstates,thatwillbeconsideredbytheGreatLakesCommissionRegionalEmissionsInventoryofToxicAirContaminantsSteeringCommittee.XXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman Regularc XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularODraftMethodologyforQualityAssurance/QualityControlofPollutantSubsetsfortheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolfortheGreatLakesStatesXXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman Regularc ̇XXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcMethodology:1.0..Identifypollutantsthathavesubsets.Forexample,seeXXXcq9 Z6Times New Roman RegularcԀFigure41.Otherexamplesinclude:..-chromeVIandtotalchrome..-anyothers  ..-shouldorganicmaterialbefullyinventoried(i.e.reactive,non-reactive,chain,ring,POM,etc.)? H  , 2.0..Dosubsetsincludepollutantsnotbeinginventoried?Forexample,PAHalsoincludespyrene. H ..-identifythesecases..-shouldthesepollutantsbeinventoried?..-whatemissionfactorsareavailable?3.0..Identifycasesinstate'sdatawheregroupmembersemissionsaregreaterthangroupemissions.Makeaspecialnoteofgroupmembersemissionsthatdonothaveagroupemission.Correctthereport.4.0..Identifyemissionfactors(inFIRE,RAPIDSoranyotherreferenceused)havinggroupmemberemissionfactorsgreaterthangroupemissionfactors(orgroupemissionfactorsnotpresent)...-researchthesefactorstoseehowtheycameaboutandapplytoeachother..-selectproperfactor..-changeprotocol(RAPIDS)toupdatefactors..-suggestupdates/correctionstoFIRE..-recalculateemissionsXXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXIs0AArial BoldI   ClarifyingtheListofPollutantsXXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  H XXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularOMetalsXXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman Regularc   Metalsareinconsistentlylistedinthelistoftargetcompounds(Table21).Thestatesagreedtoclarifytheirintentto inventorybothelementalandcompoundreleases bymakingthefollowingchanges: H  ExistingTargetCompounds󀀀ProposedChangeCobalt` ..`  .. ..CobaltandcompoundsChromium .. ..ChromiumandcompoundsMercury .. ..MercuryandcompoundsCopper .. ..CopperandcompoundsLead` ..`  .. ..LeadandcompoundsNickel` ..`  .. ..Nickelandcompounds  Thesechangeswillbereflectedintheprotocoldocument. XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularO  PAHs/POMsXXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman Regularc WithregardtotheissueofPAHsandPOMs,thesubcommitteerecommendedthatdiscussionamongtheeightstatescenterontheproposaltoaddall16PAHstotheinventorywhileleavingPAHinasagroupcategory.Ifaccepted,thisproposalwouldrequirethattheprotocolbemodified.Adecisionalsoisrequiredconcerningwhether2,3,7,8TCDDequivalentsshouldbekeptonthetargetcompoundlist.Thisquestionalsomayrequiremodificationoftheprotocol.TheSWLMsubcommitteewillraisethisissueatanearly1996meetingofthefullcommittee.XXXIs0AArial BoldI   QualityAssurance/QualityControlXXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  H AcomprehensiveQualityAssurance/QualityControl(QA/QC)PlanisincludedasAppendixAoftheprotocol.Chapters4and5oftheQA/QCPlanincludeavarietyofstatisticalchecksonthequalityofthenumericalinventoryresultsandstipulatethattheRAPIDSsoftwaremaybeusedasthetoolformakingthesechecks. X TheautomatedQA/QCchecksbuiltintotheRAPIDSsoftwarewerenotfullydevelopedandtestedatthetimethestatespreparedtheirpilotinventories.OtherQA/QCchecksinRAPIDS(e.g.SICvalidationchecks)wereimplementedandprovedtobevaluable.Therefore,manyofthespecificstatisticalchecksprescribedintheprotocolwerenotperformedaspartofthepilotinventoryeffort.However,eachstatemadesignificanteffortstomanuallycheckthequalityoftheirdatabeforeincludingitinthisreport.Furthermore,eachstateadheredtothoseportionsoftheQA/QCPlanwhichdidnotrequiretheuseofautomatedstatisticalchecks.Finally,thestateshaveformedacommitteetodirectadditionalanalysisofthedata(seeAppendixH).TheQA/QCcommitteewillfurtherdefinethemanualchecksnecessarytoensureanaccurateregionalinventory. H  X TheefficacyoftheRAPIDSautomatedQA/QCcheckscannotbeevaluatedatthistime;thus,thepilotstatesarecurrentlyunabletocompletelyevaluatetheeffectivenessandusefulnessoftheQA/QCportionoftheprotocol.ThisshouldbeahigherpriorityduringPhaseThreeoftheregionalinventoryeffort. H XXXIs0AArial BoldI   ConsistencyAcrossSourceCategoriesInventoriedbytheStatesXXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  H Theprotocolindicatesthatinorderforastate'sinventorytobeconsideredcomplete,theinventorymustbecomprehensive;thatis,itmustincludeemissionestimatesfromeverysource/sourcecategorybelievedtoemitoneormoreofthetargetpollutants.Thestatescompilingthispilotinventoryfacedtimeandresourceconstraintsthatmadeitimpossibleforanyofthemtodevelopcomprehensiveinventoriesthatfullysatisfytheprotocol.Eachstatedidthemostcomprehensiveinventoryitcould,giventheseconstraints.Consequently,thespecificcategoriesinventoriedbyeachstatevaried,foratleasttworeasons.First,somestateshadaccesstoreadilyavailabledata(e.g.,gasolineservicestationsales)thatotherstatesdidnothave.Andsecond,somestatesalreadyhadin-stateinitiatives(e.g.,toxicemissionreportingrules),whichoverlappedwiththegoalsofthisinventoryandallowedthemtoprovidemoreextensivedata.OneimplicationofthisfindingisthatthestatesparticipatingintheregionalinventoryinPhaseThreeshouldconsiderdroppingthecomprehensivenessrequirementfromtheprotocolinfavorofminimumcriteriaforacceptance.Inotherwords,thestatesshouldreachagreementeverytimeaninventoryispreparedonwhattheminimumcriteriaareforcompleteness,thenencourageeachothertoexceedthestatedminimums.Thisapproachwasadoptedinthepiloteffortandeachstatewasabletoexceedtheminimumcriteriaforacceptance.XXXIs0AArial BoldI   4IMPLICATIONSFORRAPIDS 4XXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  H Aswiththeprotocol,thepilotstudyprovidedanopportunitytoutilizetheRAPIDSsoftwareinamultistateemissionsinventoryeffort.Thethreestatesusedthesystemincompilingtheirportionofthepilotinventory.DuringthecourseoftheSWLMproject,thestatestooktheRAPIDSsoftwareallthewayfromdatamodeldesignthroughsoftwaredevelopmenttotestingandimplementation.Consideringthetighttimelineoftheprojectandthelargesoftwaredesign,developmentandtestingtask,somecomponentsoftheRAPIDSsoftwarewerenottestedtotheextentthestateswouldhavepreferred.Thosecomponentsrequiringfurtherdevelopmentandtestinginclude:QCChecker,RAPIDStoAIRSFacilitySubsystem(AFS)uploadandautomatedFIREupload.̇TheGreatLakesstateshaveagreedtooptimizethespeedoftheEmissionEstimationmoduledesignedundertheSWLMproject.Workisalreadyunderwaytooptimizethespeedoftheimport/exportmodule.Thisworkshouldbecompletedinlate1995orearly1996.MinnesotahastakentheleadindevelopinganAFStoRAPIDSconverter.ThismoduleshouldproveusefulforanumberofjurisdictionsinterestedinexportingAIRSdatatotheRAPIDSsystemandthenworkingfromtheretoestimatetoxicemissions.Asofthiswriting,eachoftheeightGreatLakesstatesisexpectedtorunacopyoftheRAPIDSsoftwareintheirairqualitymanagementagency.Thesoftwarewillbeusedtocalculatetoxicairemissionsandprovideinternalqualityassurancechecksonthestatedatageneratedexternally.EachstatewillusetheRAPIDStoGLNPOuploadmechanismtotransmitpointandareasourcedatatotheregionalrepositoryattheU.S.EPAGLNPOoffice. XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularOQCCheckerXXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman Regularc  I TheQCCheckerscreendepictedinFigure51showsthevariousoptionsavailabletotheuserforperformingthesestatisticalchecks.TheefficacyoftheRAPIDSautomatedQA/QCcheckscannotbeevaluatedatthistime;thisshouldbeahighpriorityduringPhaseThreeoftheregionalinventoryeffort.ItalsoislikelythatadditionalstatisticalcheckswillbeaddedtotheQCCheckerapplicationovertime. H   glVFBx| Ip@pb@ HKKKKg XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularORAPIDStoAFSDataConverterXXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman Regularc ADataConverteristheclient/applicationthatconvertstheemissionsdataandestimatesintotheU.S.EPAAFStransactionrecords.AsampleAIRSConverterscreenisdepictedinFigure52andshowsthevariousoptionsavailabletotheuserforcreatingAFStransactionrecordsfromRAPIDS.ThecurrentversionofthisapplicationonlyconvertsthosedataelementsthatarerequiredtomeettheminimumsystemrequirementsofAIRSandallowthesubmittaltobeaccepted;thesedataelementsdonotconstituteanacceptableorcompleteSIPinventorysubmittal.TheAIRSconverterapplicationwillneedtobeupgradedtoconvertcertainadditionaldataelementsinordertoprovideAIRSwithalloftheinformationrequiredforaSIPsubmittal.TheRAPIDStoAFSdataconverterwillbetestedunderPhaseThreeaswellastheAFStoRAPIDSdataconverterdevelopedduringPhaseThreeundertheleadershipofthestateofMinnesota.klZJFz|  `@pb@ HKKKK@k߼ XXXOp,  AZ"Arial RegularOIMPLICATIONSFORFIREXXXc'O Z 6Times New Roman Regularc TheU.S.EPAFactorInformationRetrieval(FIRE)systemisusedtopopulatethedefaultemissionfactorsinRAPIDS(i.e.,type=G).TheemissionfactorsfromtheFIRE(Version3.0,datedSeptember1994)wereloadedintoRAPIDSin1995andusedintheSWLMpilotinventory.(The4.0versionofFIREwasinternalandneverreleased;the5.0versioncontainedstructuralchangesonlyforusewiththeCDROMrelease.)AnupdatedversionofFIRE(Version5.1,datedSeptember1995)hasbeenincorporatedintoRAPIDSfortheeightstateeffort.Thisversioncontainsareviseddatastructureandnumerousadditionalemissionfactors,andusesanupdatedversionoftheSCC-AMScodes.Thesecodeshavebeenexpanded,includinganewsetofSCCcodesstartingwith6thatcoverMACTsources,andhavereviseddefinitionsthatenhancetheirinternalconsistency.TheupdatedSCC-AMScodesanddefinitionsareincludedwiththefactordatainFIRE.XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcXXXOh,rAZ"Arial RegularO EmissionFactorDevelopment XXXc(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularcTheGreatLakesstatesareusingemissionfactorsfromFIREVersion3.0.Thestatesrecognizethat,insomecases,theemissionfactorsinFIREarenotspecificenoughtobefullyapplicabletothedifferentchemicalformsofcertainpollutants.Insomecases,itisnotcertainifanemissionfactorisforapollutantorforoneofitscompounds.Forexample,itisnotclearwhethertheemissionfactorinFIREforSCC10100202(formercuryof1.6e5lb/millionBTUheatinput)includesonlyelementalmercury,mercurycontainedinthecompound,specificcompoundsofmercuryorallcompoundsofmercury.Thisissuewillrequirefurtherconsiderationbythestates.XXX-\ `- XXX-d%2`-AutomatedFIREUploadXXX-\ `- Atthepresenttime,theRAPIDSsystemcannotexecuteadirectuploadofFIREdata.Thefollowingdiscussionpresentssomeoftheoptionsthestateswillconsiderduringthenextphaseoftheproject.ThemostimportantFIREdatastructuremodificationsareinclusionoffieldsthatfacilitateautomateduploadingofFIREemissionfactorsintoRAPIDS.ThesechangesweremadebyEPAinresponsetoGLC/staterequeststomodifyFIREtofacilitatetheimportofemissionfactorsintoRAPIDS.Thesefields,whichareusedbyRAPIDS,are:̀denominatorunit(ef_units_d);and̀denominatormaterial(ef_mat).Thesetwofieldswereaddedtobothfactortables(criteriaandtoxics)andtotheSCC-AMSdefinitiontable,whichcontainstheSCC-AMSstandardunits.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-RequiredFIREDataModificationsXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-XXX-\ `-Aspresentlypopulated,thesefieldscannotbeusedtogeneratetheRAPIDS-equivalentdenominatorunitanddenominatormaterialcodes.Thedenominatormaterialfieldhasbeenonlypartiallypopulatedorisoverlygeneral(e.g., coalratherthan anthracitecoal).Thedenominatorunitfieldisnotconsistentlycoded(e.g.,Feet,FtandFootareallvalid).Theseproblemsareprimarilyduetothefactthatthesetwofieldsarenotconstrainedtomatchanyconvention.Inaddition,therearesomeerrorsinthedenominatorunitdata(e.g.,acres/yrandBTU-hr).InordertocompletetheRAPIDSFIREUploadapplication,thedenominatormaterialandunitfieldsmustbemanuallypopulated.However,ifthesubjectFIREfieldsarecorrectedandmadeconsistentbyEPA,thisproblemwouldberesolved.XXX-\ `-XXX-(2- XXX-(2-StartandEndDatesforEmissionFactorsXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-TheFIREsystemdoesnotmaintainanyinformationonemissionfactorsthatarereplaced(eitherbecausethevaluewasrevisedorbecauseofachangeintheorganizationofSCC-AMScodes).TheemissionfactorscontainedinanyoneversionofFIREareconsideredvalidonlyduringthereleaseperiodofthatversion.EmissioncalculationsmadeusingtheEmissionEstimatorApplicationusetheemissionfactorsfoundintheRAPIDSFactorTable.ReplacingpreviousFIREfactorswithupdatedFIREfactorsinRAPIDSwillresultinhavingcalculatedemissionsforwhichtheemissionfactorusedisnolongerinthedatabase.OnepossiblesolutionisthattheemissionfactorsthatarereplacedcouldcontinuetobestoredinRAPIDSbyspecifyingastartdate/timeandenddate/timeoverwhichthosefactorsarevalid.Unfortunately,thereiscurrentlynowaytospecifyastartdate/timeandanenddate/timeforfactorsinRAPIDS.Withtheadditionofstartdate/timeandstopdate/timefieldstoRAPIDS,thesoftwarewillbeabletostoreallemissionfactors(aswellasanyotherfactorsthathaveadaterange)everused.OutdatedfactorswillbeabletobeviewedalongwithcurrentfactorstoidentifychangesthathaveoccurredtothesefactorsasthedatainFIREevolves.TheFIREUploadApplicationwouldneedtoberunseparatelybyeachRAPIDSuserinordertoenterthedateatwhichtheirsystemswitchedfromoneversionofFIREdatatoanother.   H XXX-(2-   IMPLICATIONSFORTHEFULLEIGHTSTATEREGIONALINVENTORYANDNEXTSTEPSXXX-\ `-  H DuringtheSWLMpilotinventorytheGreatLakesstatesdevelopedmethodologyandmechanismswithwhichtoconductamultistateinventory;thestatesarenowpoisedforasuccessfulregionwide,eightstateeffort.EachGreatLakesstatewillfollowtheGreatLakesAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolindevelopingastatewideinventoryofemissionsfrompointandareasources.Thestateswillelectronicallypopulatetheregionsinventoryrepository,assuretheregionalinventorysqualityandapproveaccesstothedataforU.S.EPAandstateresearchers.DatasummariesandreportswillbemadeavailabletopolicymakersandthepublicviatheGreatLakesInformationNetworkontheInternet.Thefirstregionalinventoryeffortwillcompilefullstate1993calendaryeardatafortheeightGreatLakesstates.ThiswillbethesecondpilotimplementationoftheRAPIDS/protocolsystem.Beginningwith1995calendaryeardataandthereafter,thestateswillcompileyearlyinventories,followingtheprocessdevelopedundertheSWLMpilotinventoryandthefirstregionalpilotinventory.BaseyeardatawithwhichtosupportpublicpolicydecisionsunderthetermsofthegovernorsagreementandCAASection112(m)willbereleasedin1996andupdatedyearlythereafter.TheSWLMprojectbeganauniqueprocesswherebymultiplestatescollaborateonthedevelopmentofcommonclient/serversoftwareandpopulateandtestacoresystemwhileworkingontheirownjurisdictionspecificenhancements,makingthesemodificationsavailabletootherstouseasneeded.Stateshaveagreedtomaintaintheabilitytopopulatetheregionalrepositorycoresystem,whilemodifyingtheirstatespecificsystemstomeettheirownevolvingneeds.Animportantcomponentofthesuccessoftheregionalemissionsinventoryeffortistherespect,cooperationandtrustdevelopedamongthestateairagenciesandU.S.EPApersonnelworkingonthisproject.Withoutthis,theeightstateprojectwouldnothavehappened. -d%2`-6~' xd66.AppendicesXXX-\ `-   -d%2`-   46~' xd6AppendixA:IllinoisToxicEmissionsInventory  pXXX-\ `-   4 XXX-(2-   4BACKGROUNDXXX-\ `-  H 4Foritspartinthepilotstudy,Illinoisdevelopedanairtoxicemissionsinventoryforcalendaryear1993forthegreaterChicagourbanarea,includingthecountiesofCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWill.Thesevencountyareahasa1990populationof7,296,513,representing80percentofthetotalpopulationoftheoverallstudyarea.ThetablebelowprovidesabriefdemographicoverviewofthesevencountiesincludedinIllinoisportionoftheregionalinventory.XXX-d%2`-   DemographicCharacteristicsfortheIllinoisRegionoftheSouthwestLakeMichiganAirToxicsPilotStudyArea XXX-\ `-  * d,dT ,dT ,)dT ,dT ,dT ,dT ,edT ,dd +  #~~P,#-d%2`- ~~ CookCo. ~~ DuPageCo. ~~ GrundyCo. ~~ KaneCo. ~~ LakeCo. ~~ McHenryCo. ~~~ WillCo. #~~P,#-d%2`-Totalpopulation,1990 ~~ 5,105,067 ~~ 781,666 ~~ 35,337 ~~ 317,471 ~~ 516,418 ~~ 183,241 ~~~ 357,313 #~~P,#Urbanpopulation,1990 ~~ 5,093,221 ~~ 773,284 ~~ 15,918 ~~ 271,246 ~~ 483,419 ~~ 138,746 ~~~ 299,126 %~~~P<%Ruralpopulation,1990 ~~~ 11,846 ~~~ 8,382 ~~~ 16,419 ~~~ 46,225 ~~~ 32,999 ~~~ 44,495 ~~~~ 55,487^^^-d%2`-Source:U.S.BureauoftheCensus-d%2`-XXX-\ `-Illinoisinventoriedallsources,regardlessofsize.Dataareprovidedforthetotalofallsourcesandforthosesourcesunder25tonsperyearofcriteriapollutants.ThedatasourcesandcalculationmethodsusedbyIllinoisinpreparingitsportionoftheemissionsinventoryaredescribedbelow.XXX-(2-   4DATASOURCES 4XXX-\ `-  H TheIllinoisEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(IEPA)BureauofAirmaintainsseveraldatabasesthatincludeemissionsdata.SourceidentificationfortheGreatLakesToxicEmissionInventorywasmadebyusingtheexistingstatecriteriapollutantinventory.NoattemptwasmadetoidentifysourcesbyanyothermeanslistedinSection3.4oftheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocol.Ifanadditionalreferencewasusedtoidentifyasourcecategory,thedescriptionofsuchhasbeenincludedbelowunderCalculationMethods. EmissionInventorySystem: TheBureauofAirmaintainsapointsourceinventory,theEmissionInventorySystem(EIS).ThisdatabaseresidesonthestateIBMmainframeandisanIMSdatabase.ThisdatabasemaintainsinformationonallpermittedsourcesinIllinois.TheEISisthecriteriapollutantemissioninventory,althoughthenumberofpollutantsinventoriedcanbeexpanded.Datastoredinclude:;14 <DL!T$;  FacilityLevel:0 .. Idnumber,name,locationaddressandcontact,locationcoordinate,SIC,andemissionrate(tons/yearforpotential,allowable,maximumandaverage).PermitLevel:0 .. Permitnumber,datelastreceived,status(granted,denied,rejected),type(operating,construction,lifetime,FESOP),analyst,andexpirationdate.PointLevel:0 .. Identifier,pointdescription,andpermitnumber.ModeLevel:0 .. Identifier,modedescription,numberofidenticalpoints,SCCnumber,seasonalthroughputs,heatinput,fueltype,fuelsulfurcontent,fuelashcontent,fuelheatcontent,operatinghours(hr/day,day/wk,wk/yrformaximumandaverage),processweightrate(lb/hrformaximumandaverage),andoperatingrate(SCCunits/hrforbothmaximumandaverage).EmissionLevel:0 .. Pollutant,emissionestimationmethodcode,uncontrolledemissionrate(lb/hrformaximumandaverage),controlledemissionrate(lb/hrformaximumandaveragecalculated),allowableemissionrate(lb/hrformaximumandaverage),potentialemissions(tons/yrcalculated),maximumemissions(tons/yrcalculated),averageemissions(tons/yrcalculated),andallowableemissions(tons/yrcalculated).ControlLevel:0 .. Identifier,controldescription,controldevicecode,andpermitnumber.EfficiencyLevel: .. Pollutant,maximumandaverageremovalefficiency.StackLevel:0 .. Identifier,height(ft),diameter(ft),exhaustflowrate(acfmformaximumandaverage)exhausttemperature(!Fformaximumandaverage),andlocationcoordinate.CapturingLevel:0 .. Feedingpoint/modeorcontrolidentifier,capturingcontrolorstackidentifier,captureefficiency.  TherelationbetweenEISandRAPIDSisasfollows:* d,` jZ,` jj+  '~~8'EISLevel ~~~ RAPIDSLevel '~~8'Facility ~~~ Source '~~8'Permit ~~~ N/A '~~8'Point ~~~ Device '~~8'Mode ~~~ Process '~~8'Emission ~~~ StreamActivity '~~8'Control ~~~ Device '~~8'Efficiency ~~~ StreamActivity '~~8'Stack ~~~ Device )~~~8)Capturing ~~~~ ConnectionsandStreamsProgramshavebeenwrittenthatcreateASCIIrecordsofEISdatathatallowdownloadingtoaPC.ThesefilesarethenimportedintoFoxPro,allowingeasiermanipulationofthedata.ThesedatafileswereusedtocreatetheRAPIDSimportfiles.DatathatexistedintheEISasofDecember31,1993,weredownloadedintotheFoxProfiles.Thesedatacoveredtheentirestate.Separatefileswerecreatedforthedataforthepilotstudycounties.AprogramwasthenruntoreadtheFoxProdatabaseandcreateanotherFoxProdatabasethathadthefieldsandstructureofRAPIDS.Oncethatfilehadbeencreated,atabdelimitedfilewascreatedforimportintoRAPIDS.Becauseofthelargevolumeofdata,theimportfileswereseparatedbycounty.`  (# ComputerizedAnnualEmissionReportingSystem(CAERS): WithintheBureauofAir,theComplianceandSystemsManagementSectionmaintainstheComputerizedAnnualEmissionReportingSystemdatabase(CAERS).ThisdatabaseiswritteninOracleandresidesonaseparateserverontheBureausLAN.ThisdatabasemaintainsmuchofthesamedataastheEIS.ThedatabasestructureoftheEISandCAERSareverysimilar.InadditiontotheEISdatastoredinCAERS,sourcereporteddata(facilityemissions,emissionpointemissions,operatinghours,operatingrates)arealsomaintained.Thistypeofdataexistsforthecalendaryearsof1992,1993,and1994.Thedetailofsourcereporteddatavariesdependinguponthelocationandthepotentialemissionsofthesource.Sourceslocatedoutsidetheozonenonattainmentareas(Cook,DuPage,Jersey,Kane,Lake,McHenry,Madison,Monroe,St.ClairandWillCountiesandthetownshipsofAuxSableandGooseLakeinGrundyCountyandthetownshipofOswegoinKendallCounty)arerequiredtoreportonlysourceemissions.AsourcethatislocatedinanozonenonattainmentareathathaspotentialemissionsofVolatileOrganicMaterial(VOM)andNitrogenOxides(NOx)bothlessthan25tons/yralsoisrequiredtoonlyreportsourceemissions.SourceslocatedinanozonenonattainmentareathathavethepotentialtoemitVOMorNOxinanamountgreaterthan25tons/yrarerequiredtonotonlyreportsourceemissions,butalsooperatinghours,operatingrates,hourlyemissions,controldevicedataandstackdataforeachVOMorNOxemissionpoint.Outoftheapproximately8,000sourcesrequiredtosubmitanAnnualEmissionReport,only1,000fallintothiscategory.Theannualemissionreportingrulespecifiesthatemissionsmustbereportedforregulatedpollutants.Forthe1993reportingyear,theregulatedpollutantswereparticulatematter,sulfurdioxide,nitrogenoxides,volatileorganicmaterialandcarbonmonoxide.Noreportingoftoxicpollutantswasrequired.Therefore,verylittletoxicpollutantspecificemissionratedataexists.Sincemanytoxicpollutantshavebecomeregulatedinthepastyear,subsequentreportswillincludethesetoxicemissions.CAERSwasnotusedtoidentifysourcesfortheinventory.CAERSwasinitiallyloadedwithdatafromtheEISsotheywereidentical.CAERSwillbeaverygoodqualityassurance/qualitycontrol(QA/QC)toolinrevisingoperatingratesthatarespecifictocalendaryear1993.Atthistime,noQA/QCoranalysishasbeenperformedonthedatareportedfor1993. ToxicEmissionInventory: WithintheBureauofAir,thePermitSectionmaintainsaToxicEmissionInventory.ThisdatabaseiswritteninRbaseandresidesontheBureausLAN.Thisdatabasemaintainsdataforemissionunitsattheprocesslevelonaperhourbasisforpollutantsofinterest.Dataregardingcontroldevices(typeandremovalefficiency)andstacks(height,diameter,flowrate,temperature,buildingdimensions,propertylinedistance)arealsomaintained.DataentertheToxicEmissionInventorybywayofpermitreview.Ifapermitunderreviewhasemissionsofatoxicmaterial,theappropriatedataaresenttotheTechnicalSupportUnitwhereapreliminaryscreeningisdone.Theappropriatedataarethenenteredintothesystem.Thedataprovidedtothedatabasearebasedonpermitapplicationdataandnotactualusagedataandarenotspecificforayear.Inaddition,theinventoryisbynomeanscomplete.Updatestothedatabasearemadeonlyatthetimeofpermitrenewal,normallyeveryfiveyearsinIllinois.SinceIllinoishasnoregulationsdealingwithemissionsoftoxicpollutants,noemissionsoftoxicmaterialswerecalculatedbythePermitteeorthePermitSection.Datawereonlyprovidedinthecaseswherethespecificpollutantbeingemittedwassimpletodetermine.Fortheabovereasons,theToxicEmissionInventorywasnotusedintheinitialcompilationoftheinventory.TheToxicEmissionInventorywillserveasagoodQA/QCcheckfortheGreatLakesToxicInventory.ResultsobtainedusingRAPIDScanbecomparedtodataexistingintheToxicEmissionInventory.TheToxicEmissionInventorycouldalsobesearchedbypollutanttoidentifyadditionalsources. OzoneRegionalComputerInventorySystem(ORCIS): WithintheBureauofAir,theAirQualityPlanningSectionmaintainsanemissioninventorynamedORCIS.ThisdatabaseiswritteninFoxProandstoresinformationspecifictothe1990baseyearozoneinventory.Therefore,itwasnotusedasasourcetoidentifysourcesorcalculateemissions.ItshouldbenotedthatdataforORCISwereoriginallydownloadedfromtheEIS. TRIData: TheOfficeofChemicalSafety,undertheEnvironmentalProgramsSectionmaintainstheToxicReleaseInventory(TRI)data.ThedatabaseisnotdirectlyaccessibletotheBureauofAir.ThedataincludedintheTRIdatabasearespecifictotheTRIreportingrequirementanddonotincludeanyappropriatekeyinformationtorelatetheTRIdatabasetotheEIS.Forthisreason,theTRIdatabasewasnotusedtoidentifysources.ThisdatabasewillbeagoodQA/QCcheckfortheGreatLakesToxicEmissionInventory,andEIS,whenthetimepermits. AreaSourceDatabase: WithintheBureauofAir,theAirQualityPlanningSectionmaintainsanemissioninventorydealingwithareasourceemissions.Thisinventoryismaintainedinaspreadsheetandstoresinformationspecifictothe1990baseyearozoneinventory.Therefore,itwasnotusedasasourcetoidentifysourcesorcalculateemissions.Toxicpollutantemissionsfrommobilesourcesarenotpartofthescopeofthepilotstudyandthereforearenotincludedinthisreport.XXX-(2-   4CALCULATIONMETHODS 4XXX-\ `-  H Thefollowingisanoverviewofhowpointsourceemissionestimateswerecalculatedforeachsourcecategory.Thetableslistthenumberofsourcesandthenumberofemissionpoints,aswellasthenumberofeachemittinglessthan25tonsperyears.ThetextthenliststheSCCcodesusedforthesourcecategoryandtheresultingemissionfactorsobtainedfromtheGLCFIREVersion3.0database.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-ExternalCombustionNaturalGasFiringXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "="#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources )~~~= )#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~~ `  (#215 ~~~~ 1603 )~~- )#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~ `  (#639 ~~~ 4956DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCof10100601,10100602,10100604,1020060110200604,1030060110300603,10500106and10500206.PermittingofexternalcombustionemissionpointsisrequiredforboilersthathaveaheatinputofonemillionBTU/hourorgreater.Thiswouldaccountforthegreatnumberofemissionpoints.Sourcestoosmalltobeincludedinthiscategorywillbecoveredunderareasourceemissionsfornaturalgascombustion.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.Theemissionfactorsfoundwereformercury(SCC10100601)andPOM(SCC10200601).Itwasassumedthattheemissionfactorsforthesepollutant/SCCcombinationsalsoappliedtoalltheSCCsidentifiedabove.Theemissionfactorsidentifiedwereintermsofpoundsofpollutantper1012BTUinput.TheEISdoesnotdirectlystorethistypeofdata.TodeterminetheheatinputintermsofBTUs,theoperatingrate(unitsofmillioncubicfeet)weremultipliedbytheheatcontent(BTU/cubicfoot)andthenconverted.Thisnumberwasthenmultipliedbytheemissionfactortoobtaintheemissionrate.ThespecificemissionfactorsusedforthepointsourcesarelistedbelowbeginningwithTable29.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-ExternalCombustionFuelOilFiringXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#254 ~~~ 411 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#429 ~~~~ 874DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCof10100401,10100404,10100405,10100406,10100501,10100504,10100505,10200401,10200404,10200405,10200501,10200504,10200505,10300401,10300404,10300501,10300501,10500105and10500205.PermittingofexternalcombustionemissionpointsisrequiredforboilersthathaveaheatinputofonemillionBTU/hourorgreater.Thiswouldaccountforthegreatnumberofemissionpoints.Sourcestoosmalltobeincludedinthiscategorywillbecoveredunderareasourceemissionsforfueloilcombustion.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCnumberslistedabove.EmissionfactorswerefoundfortheSCCsof10100401,10100404,10200401,10300401,10100405,10100501,10200501and10300501.TheSCCsof10100401,10100404,10200401and10300401aresimilarprocesses,sotheemissionfactorsfortheSCC10100401wereusedsincetheyhadahigherfactorquality.TheSCCsof10100405,10100405,10200404and10300404aresimilarprocesses,sotheemissionfactorsfortheSCC10100405wereassumedtoapplytotheotherSCCsofthisgroup.̇TheSCCs10100501,10200501,10300501,10500105and10500205aresimilarprocesses,sotheemissionfactorsforSCC10100501wereassumedtoapplytotheotherSCCsofthisgroup.TherewasnoemissionfactorforhexavalentchromeforthisgroupofSCCs,soanemissionfactorwascalculatedusingtheaverageratioofhexavalentchrometototalchromefortheothertwoSCCgroups.Itwasdeterminedthatemissionsofhexavalentchromewasapproximately21%oftotalchrome.Theemissionfactorsidentifiedweretypicallyintermsofpoundsofpollutantper1012(or106)BTUinput.TheEISdoesnotdirectlystorethistypeofdata.TodeterminetheheatinputintermsofBTUs,theoperatingrate(unitsof1000gallons)wasmultipliedbytheheatcontent(BTU/lb)andthenconverted.Thisnumberwasthenmultipliedbytheemissionfactortoobtaintheemissionrate.Adensityof7.88and7.05lb/galwasassumedforresidualoilanddistillateoilrespectively.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-ExternalCombustionCoalFiringXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#0 ~~~ 10 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#0 ~~~~ 26DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCof101002xx,102002xxand103002xx.ItshouldbenotedthatnoanthraciteorlignitecoalisburnedinIllinoisaccordingtotheEIS.PermittingofexternalcombustionemissionpointsisrequiredforboilersthathaveaheatinputofonemillionBTU/hourorgreater.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCnumberslistedabove.EmissionfactorswerefoundfortheSCCs(thatoccurredintheEIS)of10100202,10200202,10100203,10100204,10100212,10200204and10300209.TheSCCsof10200202and10100202aresimilarprocesses,sowheretherewasanemissionfactorfortheSCC10100202andnotfor10200202,theemissionfactorfor10100202wasused.Thisoccurredforthepollutantsoftotalchrome,manganese,mercuryandnickel.TheemissionfactorforPOMfortheSCC10100203wasacontrolledemissionfactor(ESP),theremovalefficiencywasassumedtobe99.2%inordertocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.TheSCCsof10100226and10100212aresimilarprocesses,sotheemissionfactorsfortheSCC10100212wereusedalsofortheSCC10100226.Hereagain,aremovalefficiencyof99.2%(ESP)wasassumedforPOMinordertocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.TheSCCsof10100204,10200204and10300209aresimilarprocesses,sotheemissionfactorsfor10200204wereusedforthegroup.TheemissionfactorfortotalchromewasfromtheSCC10100204.Aremovalefficiencyof94%wasassumedforthepollutantPOM(cyclone)andaremovalefficiencyof97.2%(multiclone)wasassumedforthepollutantsPCDDandPCDFinordertocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.Theemissionfactorsidentifiedweretypicallyintermsofpoundsofpollutantper1012BTUinput.TheEISdoesnotdirectlystorethistypeofdata.TodeterminetheheatinputintermsofBTUs,theoperatingrate(unitsoftons)wasmultipliedbytheheatcontent(BTU/lb)andthenconverted.Thisnumberwasthenmultipliedbytheemissionfactortoobtaintheemissionrate.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-InternalCombustionXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#9 ~~~ 46 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#19 ~~~~ 203DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCof2xxxxxxx.Permittingofinternalcombustionemissionpointsisrequiredforcombustionpointsthathaveaheatinputof1500horsepowerorgreater.Thisisapproximatelyequalto3.8millionBTU/hr,soitispossiblemanyinternalcombustionsourceshavenotbeeninventoried.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCnumberslistedabove.EmissionfactorswerefoundfortheSCCs(thatoccurredintheEIS)of20100101,20200102,20200201and20200202.Emissionfactorswerefoundforthepollutantsarsenic,cadmium,totalchrome,cobalt,copper,lead,manganese,mercuryandnickelfortheSCC20100101.TheSCCsof20100102,20200101and20200102aresimilarprocessesthatdidnothaveemissionfactors,sotheemissionfactorsof20100101wereassumedtoapply.InthecaseofSCC20200102,therewasanemissionfactorformercury,sothisemissionfactorwasused.Emissionfactorswerefoundforthepollutantscadmium,totalchrome,copper,manganese,mercury,nickelandphenolfortheSCC20200201.TheSCCsof20100201,20100202and20200202aresimilarprocessesthatdidnothaveemissionfactors,sotheemissionfactorsof20200201wereassumedtoapply.InthecaseofSCC20200202,therewereemissionfactorsforethylbenzeneandmercury,sotheseemissionfactorswereused.  Theemissionfactorsidentifiedweretypicallyintermsofpoundsofpollutantper106(or1012)BTUinput.TheEISdoesnotdirectlystorethistypeofdata.TodeterminetheheatinputintermsofBTUs,theoperatingratewasmultipliedbytheheatcontentandthenconverted.Thisnumberwasthenmultipliedbytheemissionfactortoobtaintheemissionrate.Adensityof7.88and7.05lb/galwasassumedforresidualoilanddistillateoil,respectively,whenconvertingemissionunitsthatfiredoil. H XXX-(2- XXX-(2-ChemicalManufacturingXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-NosourceswereinventoriedforthechemicalmanufacturingSCCs(301xxxxx).Thesesourcesshouldbeover25tons/yearandhaveaMaximumAchievableControlTechnology(MACT)categoryestablishedforthem.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-FoodandAgricultureXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-NosourceswerefoundforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesthathadanSCCcodeof302xxxxxandhadanemissionfactorinGLCFIRE.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-PrimaryMetalsProductionByProductCokeManufacturingXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#0 ~~~ 3 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#0 ~~~~ 54DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCbetween30300301and30300399.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.Tocalculateuncontrolledemissions,theoperatingratefromtheEISwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactor.Whencalculatingemissionsfromemissionpointsthathadacontroldeviceassociatedwithit,thepollutantremovalefficiencywasassumedtobeequivalenttotheparticulateremovalefficiencyfromtheEIS.TheemissionfactorforPOMforSCC30300308wasacontrolledemissionfactor(ESP).Aremovalefficiencyof95%wasassumedtocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-PrimaryMetalsProductionCopperSmeltingXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#0 ~~~ 1 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#0 ~~~~ 1DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCbetween30300501and30300599.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.Tocalculateuncontrolledemissions,theoperatingratefromtheEISwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactor.Whencalculatingemissionsfromemissionpointsthathadacontroldeviceassociatedwithit,thepollutantremovalefficiencywasassumedtobeequivalenttotheparticulateremovalefficiencyfromtheEIS.TheemissionfactorforcadmiumforSCC30300517wasacontrolledemissionfactor(ESP).Aremovalefficiencyof95%wasassumedtocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-PrimaryMetalsProductionIronProductionXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#5 ~~~ 8 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#24 ~~~~ 44DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCbetween30300801and30300899.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.Tocalculateuncontrolledemissions,theoperatingratefromtheEISwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactor.Whencalculatingemissionsfromemissionpointsthathadacontroldeviceassociatedwithit,thepollutantremovalefficiencywasassumedtobeequivalenttotheparticulateremovalefficiencyfromtheEIS.TheemissionfactorforcadmiumforSCC30300813wasacontrolledemissionfactor(ESP).Aremovalefficiencyof95%wasassumedtocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-PrimaryMetalsProductionSteelProductionXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#13 ~~~ 32 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#51 ~~~~ 197DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCbetween30300901and30300999.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.Tocalculateuncontrolledemissions,theoperatingratefromtheEISwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactor.Whencalculatingemissionsfromemissionpointsthathadacontroldeviceassociatedwithit,thepollutantremovalefficiencywasassumedtobeequivalenttotheparticulateremovalefficiencyfromtheEIS.TheemissionfactorfornickelforSCC30300913wasacontrolledemissionfactor(scrubber).Aremovalefficiencyof90%wasassumedtocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.TheemissionfactorfornickelforSCC30300928wasanaverageoftheemissionfactorsavailableinGLCFIRE.ItshouldbenotedthattheemissionfactorsinGLCFIREweredifferentforstainlesssteelandalloysteel.Theemissionfactorsforalloysteelwereused.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-PrimaryMetalsProductionLeadProductionXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#1 ~~~ 2 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#2 ~~~~ 29DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCbetween30301001and30301099.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.Tocalculateuncontrolledemissions,theoperatingratefromtheEISwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactor.Whencalculatingemissionsfromemissionpointsthathadacontroldeviceassociatedwithit,thepollutantremovalefficiencywasassumedtobeequivalenttotheparticulateremovalefficiencyfromtheEIS.TheemissionfactorforcadmiumforSCCs30301010,30301011,30301012and30301013werecontrolledemissionfactors(miscellaneousdevices).Aremovalefficiencyof95%wasassumedtocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-SecondaryMetalsProductionCopper/BrassXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#31 ~~~ 40 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#186 ~~~~ 247DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCbetween30400201and30400299.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.Tocalculateuncontrolledemissions,theoperatingratefromtheEISwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactor.Whencalculatingemissionsfromemissionpointsthathadacontroldeviceassociatedwithit,thepollutantremovalefficiencywasassumedtobeequivalenttotheparticulateremovalefficiencyfromtheEIS.TheemissionfactorforcadmiumforSCC30400217wasacontrolledemissionfactor(baghouse).Aremovalefficiencyof99%wasassumedtocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-SecondaryMetalsProductionGrayIronFoundriesXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#14 ~~~ 21 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#116 ~~~~ 223DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCbetween30400301and30400399.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.Tocalculateuncontrolledemissions,theoperatingratefromtheEISwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactor.Whencalculatingemissionsfromemissionpointsthathadacontroldeviceassociatedwithit,thepollutantremovalefficiencywasassumedtobeequivalenttotheparticulateremovalefficiencyfromtheEIS.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-SecondaryMetalsProductionLeadXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#19 ~~~ 22 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#59 ~~~~ 63DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCbetween30400401and30400499.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.Tocalculateuncontrolledemissions,theoperatingratefromtheEISwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactor.Whencalculatingemissionsfromemissionpointsthathadacontroldeviceassociatedwithit,thepollutantremovalefficiencywasassumedtobeequivalenttotheparticulateremovalefficiencyfromtheEIS.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-SecondaryMetalsProductionLeadBatteryManufactureXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#3 ~~~ 3 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#41 ~~~~ 41DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCbetween30400501and30400599.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.Tocalculateuncontrolledemissions,theoperatingratefromtheEISwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactor.Whencalculatingemissionsfromemissionpointsthathadacontroldeviceassociatedwithit,thepollutantremovalefficiencywasassumedtobeequivalenttotheparticulateremovalefficiencyfromtheEIS.TheemissionfactorforarsenicforSCC30400526wasacontrolledemissionfactor(baghouse).Aremovalefficiencyof99%wasassumedtocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.TheemissionfactorforleadforSCC30400528wasacontrolledemissionfactor(baghouse).Aremovalefficiencyof99%wasassumedtocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-SecondaryMetalsProductionSteelFoundriesXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#45 ~~~ 68 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#219 ~~~~ 399DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCbetween30400701and30400799.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.Tocalculateuncontrolledemissions,theoperatingratefromtheEISwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactor.Whencalculatingemissionsfromemissionpointsthathadacontroldeviceassociatedwithit,thepollutantremovalefficiencywasassumedtobeequivalenttotheparticulateremovalefficiencyfromtheEIS.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-SecondaryMetalsProductionZincXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#25 ~~~ 31 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#144 ~~~~ 170DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCbetween30400801and30400899.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.;14 <DL!T$;TheemissionfactorsretrievedfromtheGLCFIREdatabasewerecontrolledemissionfactors.Thecontroldevicelistedfortheseemissionfactorswasafabricfilter.Aremovalefficiencyof99%forcadmiumwasassumed.Thisfactorwasappliedtothecontrolledemissionfactortoobtainanuncontrolledemissionfactor.Tocalculateuncontrolledemissions,theoperatingratefromtheEISwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactor.Whencalculatingemissionsfromemissionpointsthathadacontroldeviceassociatedwithit,thecadmiumremovalefficiencywasassumedtobeequivalenttotheparticulateremovalefficiency.TheemissionfactorfortheSCC30400899wasnotused.ThisSCCisforotheroperationsnotclassified.Itcouldnotbedeterminedhowtheemissionfactor,andunits,appliedtothissourcecategory.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-MineralProductsAsphalticConcreteXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#30 ~~~ 51 )~~~8)TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ 92 ~~~~ 206;14 <DL!T$;`  (#DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCbetween30500201and30500299.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.Tocalculateuncontrolledemissions,theoperatingratefromtheEISwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactor.Whencalculatingemissionsfromemissionpointsthathadacontroldeviceassociatedwithit,thepollutantremovalefficiencywasassumedtobeequivalenttotheparticulateremovalefficiencyfromtheEIS.TheemissionfactorforarsenicforSCC30500201wasacontrolledemissionfactor(baghouseandmulticlone).Aremovalefficiencyof99%wasassumedtocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.TheemissionfactorforcadmiumforSCC30500201wasacontrolledemissionfactor(knockoutpotandventuri,orscrubber).Aremovalefficiencyof90%wasassumedtocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactorandanaverageofthetwowastaken.TheemissionfactorfortotalchromeforSCC30500201wasacontrolledemissionfactor(scrubber).Aremovalefficiencyof90%wasassumedtocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.TheemissionfactorforhexavalentchromeforSCC30500201wasacontrolledemissionfactor(scrubber).Aremovalefficiencyof90%wasassumedtocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.TheemissionfactorforPOMforSCC30500201wasacontrolledemissionfactor(cycloneplusscrubber).Aremovalefficiencyof95%wasassumedtocalculateanuncontrolledemissionfactor.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-MineralProductsConcreteBatchingXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#117 ~~~ 128 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#401 ~~~~ 448DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCbetween30501101and30501199.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.Tocalculateuncontrolledemissions,theoperatingratefromtheEISwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactor.Whencalculatingemissionsfromemissionpointsthathadacontroldeviceassociatedwithit,thepollutantremovalefficiencywasassumedtobeequivalenttotheparticulateremovalefficiencyfromtheEIS.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-OrganicSolventEvaporationDryCleaningXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#137 ~~~ 145 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#189 ~~~~ 205DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCof40100101or40100103.TheemissionrateofvolatileorganicmaterialwasthentakendirectlyfromtheEIStorepresenttheemissionsofperchloroethylene.̇Inthecaseswheretherewascontrolequipment,theremovalefficiencyforperchloroethylenewasassumedtobeequivalenttotheremovalefficiencyofvolatileorganicmaterialfromtheEIS.ThedataobtainedfromtheEISisnotrepresentativeoftheentirepopulationofdrycleaners.Forsourcesusinglessthan360gallonsofperchloroethyleneperyear,apermitisnotrequired.Sinceapermitisnotrequired,veryfewdrycleanersexistinthestationarypointsourceinventory.Wheredatadoesexist,itisoutofdate.Manydrycleanershaveswitchedtodrytodrymachines,greatlyreducingemissions.AspartoftheNESHAP,extensivedataarebeingmadeavailableregardingdrycleaners.Thisdatawillbeevaluatedanplacedintheinventoryandthisreport.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-OrganicSolventEvaporationDegreasersXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#182 ~~~ 240 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#244 ~~~~ 376DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCof40100202,40100203,40100204,40100205,40100222,40100223,40100224,40100225,40100252,40100253,40100254,40100255,40100259,40100302,40100304,40100305and40100306.TheemissionrateofvolatileorganicmaterialwasthentakendirectlyfromtheEIStorepresenttheemissionsoftheappropriatepollutantasdescribedbytheSCC.Inthecaseswheretherewascontrolequipment,theremovalefficiencyforthespecificpollutantwasassumedtobeequivalenttotheremovalefficiencyofvolatileorganicmaterialfromtheEIS.Dataregardingcoldcleaningdegreasers,SCCsof401003xx,islimited.Coldcleaningdegreasersarenotrequiredtoobtainapermitandthereforearenotroutinelyintheinventory.DataregardingdegreaserswillbegreatlyexpandedwhentheNESHAPisimplemented.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-StorageTanksOrganicMaterialXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#83 ~~~ 174 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#823 ~~~~ 1661DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCof40703609,40703610,40706005,40706006,40706007,40706008,40706019,40706020,40706021,40706022,40706023,40706024,40706027,40706028,40708403,40708404,40722001,40722002,40722007,40722008,40722009,40722010,40722011,40722012,40722021and40722022.TheemissionrateofvolatileorganicmaterialwasthentakendirectlyfromtheEIStorepresenttheemissionsoftheappropriatepollutantasdescribedbytheSCC.Inthecaseswheretherewascontrolequipment,theremovalefficiencyforthespecificpollutantwasassumedtobeequivalenttotheremovalefficiencyofvolatileorganicmaterialfromtheEIS.Dataregardingstoragetanksislimited.Storagetanksunder5000gallonsarenotrequiredtoobtainapermitandthereforearenotroutinelyintheinventory.Storagetanksofthissizehavesmalltonegligibleemissions.Inaddition,manystoragetanksintheEIShavenothademissionscalculatedduetothesmallemissionsfromthetanks.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-StorageTanksPetroleumProductsXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#393 ~~~ 612 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#1712 ~~~~ 3124DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCof403xxxxxand404xxxxx.Noattemptwasmadetospeciateemissionsforthesepetroleumproductstoragetanks.Acountofthesourcesandemissionpointshasbeenprovided.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-WasteDisposalIncinerationXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-* d,` jZ,4jZ,jj+  "8"#4`  (## ~~ `  (#Sources<25tons/year ~~~ AllSources '~~8'#4`  (##NumberofSources ~~ `  (#494 ~~~ 536 )~~~8)#4`  (##TotalEmissionPoints ~~~ `  (#540 ~~~~ 594DatawereobtainedfromtheEISforCook,DuPage,Grundy,Kane,Lake,McHenryandWillCountiesforemissionpointsthathadanSCCof50100101,50100505,50100506,50200101,50200102,50200103,50200504,50200505,50200506,50300101,50300102,50300103,50300104,50300114and50300506.TheGLCFIREdatabasewasthenqueriedtoobtainemissionfactorsfortheSCCrange.Inordertoreducethenumberofemissionfactors,onlytheuncontrolledemissionfactorswereselectedfromGLCFIRE.Tocalculateuncontrolledemissions,theoperatingratefromtheEISwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactor.Whencalculatingemissionsfromemissionpointsthathadacontroldeviceassociatedwithit,thepollutantremovalefficiencywasassumedtobeequivalenttotheparticulateremovalefficiencyfromtheEIS.TheSCCsof50100101,50200101,50300101and50300114aresimilarprocesses.EmissionfactorswerefoundonlyfortheSCC50100101.TheotherSCCswereassumedtohavethesameemissionfactors.EmissionfactorsforPCDDandPCDFwerefoundfortheSCC50100101;however,theyweredeemednonrepresentativesincethesourcedescriptionwasformanufacturingofwooddoors.TheSCCsof50100506,50200506and50300506aresimilarprocesses.EmissionfactorswerefoundonlyfortheSCC50300506.TheotherSCCswereassumedtohavethesameemissionfactors.TheSCCsof50100505,50200504and50200505aresimilarprocesses.EmissionfactorswerefoundonlyfortheSCC50200505.TheotherSCCswereassumedtohavethesameemissionfactors.TheSCCsof50200102,50200103,50300102,50300103and50300104didnothaveanemissionfactorinGLCFIRE.EmissionfactorsfortheseSCCswereobtainedfromtheChicagoAreaSourceInventory(Contract#68D10031WorkAssignment64forJulianJones). XXX-d%2`-DryCleaningEstablishments(SIC7211)XXX-\ `- NumberofSources:2990NumberofDrytoDryMachines:1133NumberofTransferMachines:105Theperchloroethyleneconsumptionanddrycleaningequipment(machinetype,numberofmachinesandcontrolequipmenttype)datawereobtainedfromthe1993InitialNotificationReportsubmittedbydrycleaningestablishmentsasrequiredundertheNESHAPstandard.Thisincluded2990sources.Perchloroethyleneemissionswerecalculatedbyusingtheemissionfactor0.7lbperchloroethyleneemittedperlbofperchloroethyleneusedfordrytodrymachines.Fortransfermachines,avalueof0.82wasused.Inthecaseswhereasourcehadbothtypesofequipment,theperchloroethyleneusagewassplitevenlyamongthemachines.XXX-(2-   4RESULTS 4XXX-\ `-  H ThetablesbelowprovidetheresultsofIllinoistoxicemissionspilotinventoryforthesourcecategorieslistedabove.Theresultsarenotanalyzed,noristhereadeterminationofsignificantdigits.TheEIScanmaintainemissionestimatestofourdecimalplaces,sothatprecisionwasmaintained.Fordioxinsandfurans,theemissionratewasextendedtoeightdecimalplacesduetotheextremelylowemissionratesobtainedforthosepollutants.Thetablessummarizetheresultsaccordingtocountyemissions,SICemissionsandpollutantemissions.Datahavebeenprovidedbothforsourceswithcriteriapollutantemissionslessthan25tons/yearandforallsourcesforthecountyemissionsummaryandpollutantemissionsummary.DatafortheSICemissionsummarywereonlyprovidedforsourcesemittinglessthan25tons/yearofcriteriapollutantsduetotheextremelength.DataforemissionsbySICforallsourcesareavailable. CountyEmissionSummary: TableA1isasummary,bycounty,oftheemissionscalculatedforthesourcecategorieslistedabove.Foreachpollutant,twonumbersaregivenforeachcounty.Thenumberonthetoprepresentsallsourcesinthatcountythathavetotalemissionsofthecriteriapollutants(carbonmonoxide,nitrogenoxides,particulatematter,sulfurdioxideandvolatileorganicmaterial)lessthan25tons/year.Thenumberonthebottomrepresentsemissionsforallsourcesinthatcounty,regardlessofsize. SICEmissionSummary: TablesA2throughA8areasummary,bySICandcounty,oftheemissionscalculatedforthesourcecategorieslistedabove.Resultshavebeenprovidedonlyforsourcesthathaveemissionslessthan25tons/yearofcriteriapollutants.̇ PollutantEmissionSummary: Thesourcecategorycontributionforeachpollutantissummarizedbeginningonpage208.Contributionsareshownbothforsourcesemittinglessthan25tonsperyearaswellasforallsourcesinthestudyarea. EmissionFactorSummary: TablesA9throughA26listtheemissionfactorsusedforeachsourcecategory,includingtheSCCsutilized,pollutants,uncontrolledemissionfactors,andthefactorquality.XXX-\ `-    -d%2`-   46~' xd6AppendixB:IndianaToxicEmissionsInventory  XXX-\ `-   4XXX-(2-   4BACKGROUND 4XXX-\ `-  H Indianapreparedaninventoryoftoxicemissionsforminorpointsourcesforcalendaryear1993forLakeandPortercounties,locatedalongthesouthwestshoreofLakeMichigan.XXX-\ `-ԀThetwocountyareahasa1990populationof604,526,representing6percentofthetotalpopulationoftheoverallstudyarea.ThetablebelowprovidesabriefdemographicoverviewofthetwocountiesincludedinIndianasportionoftheregionalinventory.XXX-\ `-XXX-d%2`-   DemographicCharacteristicsfortheIndianaRegionoftheSouthwestLakeMichiganAirToxicsPilotStudyArea     * d,dT ,dT ,dd +  #~~P,#-d%2`- ~~ LakeCo. ~~~ PorterCo. #~~P,#-d%2`-Totalpopulation,1990 ~~ 475,594 ~~~ 128,932 #~~P,#Urbanpopulation,1990 ~~ 453,887 ~~~ 86,403 %~~~P<%Ruralpopulation,1990 ~~~ 21,707 ~~~~ 42,529XXX-\ `-  ^^^-d%2`-..` ..`  .. Source:U.S.BureauoftheCensusXXX-\ `-Despitelimitedresources,theAirToxicsEmissionsProtocolwasfollowedasmuchaspossible.Previoustothisproject,Indianadidnothaveadatabaseoftoxicestimatesforthe49compoundscoveredbythepilotstudy.TheRAPIDSsoftware,availableinformationfromexistingemissionsstatementdatabases,andtheFactorInformationRetrievalSystem(FIRE),Version3.0,wereusedtocalculateemissionsfortheinventory.XXX-(2-   4DATASOURCES 4XXX-\ `-  H TheinitiallistofsourceswastakenfromanemissionsstatementsdatabasesimilarinstructureandcontenttoAIRS(AerometricInformationRetrievalSystem).Thisdatabasecontainsfacilitiesrequiredtoreportcriteriapollutantemissions.Confidenceinthedataaresubstantialasdatasubmittedbyeachfacilityarecertifiedbythestateandlocalagencyinspectorsandusedasfeebillinginformation.Thislistwasreducedtoincludeonlyminorsourcesthathaveactualannualemissionsoflessthan25tonstotalcriteriapollutants.ForthepilotstudytheprimaryinterestissourcesthatarenotapplicabletoMaximumAchievableControlTechnology(MACT)standards,furtherreducingthenumberofsourcesincluded.Residentialwoodburningstoveswereincludedtohelpkeeptheinventoryconsistentwiththeotherpilotstates'inventories.TheinformationincludedintheinventoryislimitedtothatwhichwasavailabletostaffandtosourcesforwhichSourceClassificationCodes(SCC)codescanbeidentified.Theresultslistedbelowhavenotbeenreviewedbytheindividualplantsforaccuracyand,consequently,shouldbeusedwithcaution.XXX-d%2`-ԀXXX-\ `-Mobileandareasources(i.e.,drycleanersandgasstations)werenotincludedaspartofIndianascontributiontothepilotstudy.Informationfromtheemissionsinventorydatabasewasusedtocalculatetoxicemissionsfortheprocesseswithineachfacility.Onedisadvantageofusingacriteriapollutantdatabaseforinformationisthatthevolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)emissionsarenotbrokendownintothespeciatedcompounds,andthefuelprocessratesarenotalwaysdescriptiveenoughtobeusedwithFIREemissionfactors.Also,notenoughinformationisprovidedoncontrolefficienciesforairtoxiccompoundemissions.Theinventorydataincludetheprocessdescription,SCCcodes,andfuelprocessratesforeachprocesswithinafacility.AllSCC'softheselectedsourcesarematchedagainstavailableemissionfactorsfromFIREVersion3.0andthenonlythesesourcesareincludedintheinventory.Mostoftheemissionfactorsforthe49GLCcompoundsarefromFIRE.Ifasourcespecificemissionfactorforleadwasavailableforaparticularsource,thenthatemissionfactorwasused.ThetotalnumberofsourcesinthepointsourceinventoryforLakeandPortercountiesisunder200.ThisnumbermayappearlowinrelationtoIllinoisandWisconsinandtherelativepopulationlevelsinthethreestates.Asnotedintheintroduction,differencesamongthethreestatesinventoriesmayresultfromdifferingreportingrequirements.Indianaspilotinventorystaffhavereviewedthisissueandverifiedtheaccuracyoftheirmethodologiesandcalculations;thedetailsinthisregardareavailableinIndianasprojectdocumentationfile.XXX-(2-   4CALCULATIONMETHODS 4XXX-\ `-  H Thetypeofcalculationmethodusedthroughouttheinventoryisgenericemissionfactor,asreferencedintheprotocol.Forallthesourcescalculatedwithresultsincludedintheinventory,thismethodisPriority1.Theprioritynumbersareusedtodeterminewhichestimationmethodisbestforthatparticularprocess,with1beingthebestchoice.Nospeciationmassfractionsareusedtocalculateemissions.Also,nomassbalancemethodologyisusedbecause,wherethiswasaPriority1method,notenoughinformationisavailableforthesesourcestocalculateemissions.SourcesthatareknowntobeminorsourceswithavailableFIREemissionfactors,butthatlackenoughinformationtocalculateemissions,areexcludedfromtheinventory.TheSCCsforthefiveexcludedsourcesare30900199,40100306,30199999,and40200701.Alldata,exceptthegeographicimportfilesandemissionestimates,wereenteredmanually.RAPIDSEmissionEstimatorisusedtocalculateemissionsexceptwhereleadestimatesaresuppliedbythefacility.AllcalculationswereverifiedwithhandcalculationsandbyaspreadsheetdatabaseinordertoperformadditionalqualitychecksandtocompareactualcalculationsperformedinRAPIDSwithcalculationsestimatedusingthespreadsheet.For1993,thetotalnumberofsourceswithFIREemissionfactorsis18;thetotalnumberofminorsourcesis119;andthetotalnumberofcriteriapollutantpointsourcesinIndiana'semissionstatementsdatabaseforLakeandPortercountiesis159.Asstatedpreviously,consistencyisneededbetweenthestateinventoriessothattheycanbecombinedintoaregionalinventory.RAPIDSsoftwarehelpsensurethisbyacceptingonlydevicecodes,processcodes,SCCcodesandStandardIndustrialClassification(SIC)codesthatareinRAPIDSreferencetables.ThisstandardformatrequiresthatRAPIDSbeusedtoloademissionestimatestotheU.S.EPAGreatLakesNationalProgramOfficeinorderforthedatatobeintheproperformatfortheregionaldatabasetoacceptit.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-FeltSaturationXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-SICCode:` ..`  .. 2951NumberofSources: .. 1Pollutants:` ..`  .. POMXXX-(2- XXX-(2-RotaryDryersXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-SICCode:` ..`  .. 2951NumberofSources: .. 7Pollutants:0` ..` 0 .. arsenic,benz(a)anthracene;1 N V^f!#&n(;,benzo(a)pyrene,cadmium,chromium,chromiumVI,chrysene,copper,fluoranthene,lead,manganese,mercury,naphthalene,nickel,PAH,POM;14 <DL!T$;XXX-(2- XXX-(2-DrumDryersXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-SICCode:4..4 ..  .. 2951NumberofSources .. 1  Pollutants:04..40 .. arsenic,benz(a)anthracene,;1 N V^f!#&n(;benzo(a)pyrene,cadmium,chromium,chromiumVI,chrysene,copper,fluoranthene,manganese,mercury,naphthalene,nickel,TCE,111 H ;14 <DL!T$;XXX-(2- XXX-(2-WoodIncinerationXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-SICCode:4..4 ..  .. 3341NumberofSources: .. 1Pollutants:04..40 .. benz(a)anthracene,benzo(a)pyrene,fluorantheneThesourcehasacontroldeviceandtheemissionfactorsareuncontrolled,soitisassumedthatthe70%overallcontrolefficiencyforPMcouldalsobeappliedtotheseemissions.XXX-(2- XXX-(2-SecondaryMetalProductionAlSmeltingFurnaceXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-SICCode:4..4 ..  .. 3341NumberofSources: .. 1Pollutants:04..40 .. cadmium,lead,;1 N V^f!#&n(;nickel;14 <DL!T$;XXX-(2- XXX-(2-DistillateBoilersXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-SICCodes: ..  .. 2992,2821,and3312NumberofSources: .. 3Pollutants:04..40 .. arsenic,cadmium,;1 N V^f!#&n(;lead,manganese,mercury,nickel,chromium,POM;14 <DL!T$;XXX-(2- XXX-(2-WoodFiredBoilersXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-SICCode:4..4 ..  .. 2448NumberofSources: .. 1Pollutants:04..40 .. arsenic,benz(a)anthracene,;1 N V^f!#&n(;benzo(a)pyrene,cadmium,chromium,chromiumVI,chrysene,cobalt,fluoranthene,manganese,mercury,naphthalene,nickelXXX-(2- XXX-(2-;14 <DL!T$;ChemicalManufacturingInorganicPigmentsXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-SICCode:4..4 ..  .. 2819NumberofSources: .. 2Pollutants:04..40 .. leadXXX-(2- XXX-(2-ElectricInductionFurnacesXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-SICCode:4..4 ..  .. 3316NumberofSources: .. 1Pollutants:4..4 .. ManganeseXXX-(2- XXX-(2-Area:ResidentialWoodburningStovesXXX-\ `- XXX-\ `-ThewoodconsumptionrateforwoodburningstovesistakenfromtheDraftIndianaGreenhouseGasEmissionsandSinks:Estimatesfor1990(IDEM,Nov.1994).Theannualfuelconsumptioniscalculatedusingheatingdegreedaysandthenumberofhousingunitsusingwoodastheprimaryfuel.ThefollowingSCC/AMScodesareassociatedwiththisprocess:2104008010,2104008050,and10100903.Emissionsarecalculatedforthefollowingpollutants:arsenic,benz(a)anthracene,benzo(a)pyrene,cadmium,chromium,chromiumVI,chrysene,cobalt,fluoranthene,manganese,mercury,naphthalene,nickel,PAH,PCDD,PCDF,Phenol,TCDD,2378,andTCDF,2378.ResidentialwoodburningdoesnothaveanSICcodebecauseitisnotanindustrialactivity.SICcode9999willbeusedtoidentifythissource. 4XXX-(2-   RESULTS 4XXX-\ `-  H Thetopfivepollutantsforsmallpointsources,withrespecttoannualquantityemitted,arelead,manganese,nickel,polycyclicorganicmatter(POM),andnaphthalene.Foursourcecategoriesarerepresentedintheinventory:petroleumandcoalproducts,primarymetalindustries,lumberandwoodproducts,andchemicalandalliedproducts.Processesincludedinthesesourcecategoriesareoilandwoodcombustion(10200501and10200903),chemicalmanufacturing(301%%%%%),secondarymetalproduction(304%%%%%),asphalticconcretemanufacturing(305002%%),andsolidwasteincineration(50300105).ThecompleteresultsforIndianaaresummarizedinTableB1andTableB2,whichlistemissionssortedbySICandpollutant(inpounds)forLakeandPortercounties,respectively.XXX-d%2`- 5-d%2`- TableB1:LakeCountyIN,ToxicEmissionsSortedbySICandPollutant(lbs) XXX-d%2`- 5-d%2`-* d,',,,,,,X,X,,+  '~~'-K2`- ~~  2448 ~~  2819 ~~  2951 ~~  2992 ~~  3312 ~~  3316 ~~  3341 ~~  9999 ~~~  Total '~~'Arsenic ~~ 0.0137 ~~  ~~ 0.1936 ~~ 0.984 ~~ 0.0057 ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.5003 ~~~ 1.70 '~~'Benz(a)anthracene ~~ 0.0003 ~~  ~~ 0.0295 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.153 ~~ 5.685 ~~~ 5.87 '~~'Benzo(a)pyrene ~~ 0.00003 ~~  ~~ 0.0013 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.03 ~~ 34.11 ~~~ 34.14 '~~'Cadmium ~~ 0.0027 ~~  ~~ 2.7875 ~~ 2.577 ~~ 0.0015 ~~  ~~ 1.25 ~~ 0.1137 ~~~ 6.73 '~~'Chromium ~~ 0.0203 ~~  ~~ 2.1112 ~~ 11.247 ~~ 0.0067 ~~  ~~  ~~ 0 ~~~ 13.39 '~~'ChromiumVI ~~ 0.0072 ~~  ~~ 0.1744 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.2615 ~~~ 0.44 '~~'Chrysene ~~ 0.0067 ~~  ~~ 0.0131 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 56.85 ~~~ 56.87 '~~'Cobalt ~~ 0.0203 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.7391 ~~~ 0.76 '~~'Copper ~~  ~~  ~~ 1.3448 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~ 1.34 '~~'Fluoranthene ~~ 0.014 ~~  ~~ 0.1042 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.51 ~~ 45.48 ~~~ 46.11 '~~'Lead ~~ 0.1716 ~~ 627.165 ~~ 0.9793 ~~ 2.085 ~~ 0.0013 ~~  ~~ 2.5 ~~  ~~~ 632.90 '~~'Manganese ~~ 1.3884 ~~  ~~ 7.3009 ~~ 3.28 ~~ 0.002 ~~ 25.516 ~~  ~~ 0.796 ~~~ 38.28 '~~'Mercury ~~ 0.001 ~~  ~~ 0.4398 ~~ 0.7029 ~~ 0.0004 ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.03695 ~~~ 1.18 '~~'Naphthalene ~~ 0.3588 ~~  ~~ 22.8605 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 818.64 ~~~ 841.86 '~~'Nickel ~~ 0.0874 ~~  ~~ 81.1869 ~~ 4.218 ~~ 0.0025 ~~  ~~ 0.0632 ~~ 0.1137 ~~~ 85.67 '~~'Phenol ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 45.48 ~~~ 45.48 '~~'PCDD,Total ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.01641 ~~~ 0.02 '~~'PCDF,Total ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.09057 ~~~ 0.09 '~~'PAH ~~  ~~  ~~ 2.5192 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 2842.5 ~~~ 2845.02 '~~'POM ~~ 0.4368 ~~  ~~ 84.1234 ~~ 5.1549 ~~ 0.00309π ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~ 89.72 '~~'2,3,7,8TCDD ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.000042 ~~~ 0.00 )~~~)2,3,7,8TCDF ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~ 0.002501 ~~~~ 0.00-K2`--d%2`- 5 -d%2`-TableB2:PorterCountyIN,ToxicEmissionsSortedbySICandPollutant(lbs)-d%2`- 5-K2`-* d,,,e,,+  '~~' ~~  2821 ~~  2951 ~~  9999 ~~~  Total '~~'Arsenic ~~ 0.0012 ~~ 0.119 ~~ 0.418 ~~~ 0.54 '~~'Benz(a)anthracene ~~  ~~ 0.0123 ~~ 4.75 ~~~ 4.76 '~~'Benzo(a)pyrene ~~  ~~ 0.0027 ~~ 28.5 ~~~ 28.50 '~~'Cadmium ~~ 0.0031 ~~ 0.9826 ~~ 0.095 ~~~ 1.08 '~~'Chromium ~~ 0.0135 ~~ 0.3528 ~~ 0 ~~~ 0.37 '~~'ChromiumVI ~~  ~~ 0.0669 ~~ 0.2185 ~~~ 0.29 '~~'Chrysene ~~  ~~ 0.0069 ~~ 47.5 ~~~ 47.51 '~~'Cobalt ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.6175 ~~~ 0.62 '~~'Copper ~~  ~~ 0.5377 ~~  ~~~ 0.54 '~~'Fluoranthene ~~  ~~ 0.0434 ~~ 38 ~~~ 38.04 '~~'Lead ~~ 0.0025 ~~ 0.3687 ~~  ~~~ 0.37 '~~'Manganeseandcompounds ~~ 0.0039 ~~ 557.5026 ~~ 0.665 ~~~ 558.17 '~~'Mercury ~~ 0.0008 ~~ 0.0227 ~~ 0.03088 ~~~ 0.05 '~~'Naphthalene ~~  ~~ 11.2642 ~~ 684 ~~~ 695.26 '~~'Nickelandcompounds ~~ 0.005058 ~~ 26.5901 ~~ 0.095 ~~~ 26.69 '~~'Phenol ~~  ~~  ~~ 38 ~~~ 38.00 '~~'PCDD,Total ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.01371 ~~~ 0.01 '~~'PCDF,Total ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.07567 ~~~ 0.08 '~~'PAH ~~  ~~ 4.5418 ~~ 2375 ~~~ 2379.54 '~~'POM ~~ 0.0062 ~~ 7.4252 ~~  ~~~ 7.43 '~~'2,3,7,8TCDD ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.000035 ~~~ 0.00 '~~'2,3,7,8TCDF ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.00209 ~~~ 0.00 )~~~)1,1,1trichloroethane ~~~  ~~~ 14.43 ~~~  ~~~~ 14.43-\ `--\ `- 6~' xd6-d%2`-AppendixC:WisconsinToxicEmissionsInventory-\ `--\ `- -d%2`-BACKGROUND-\ `- XXX-\ `-TheStateofWisconsinconducteditsairtoxicemissionsinventoryforthepilotstudyinMilwaukee,RacineandKenoshacountiesforcalendaryear1993.Witha1990populationof1,262,490,thethreecountyarearepresents14percentofthetotalpopulationoftheoverallstudyarea.ThetablebelowprovidesabriefdemographicoverviewofthethreecountiesincludedinWisconsinsportionoftheregionalinventory.   XXX-d%2`-DemographicCharacteristicsfortheWisconsinRegionoftheSouthwestLakeMichiganAirToxicsPilotStudyArea   * d,dT ,dT ,dT ,dd +  #~~G,#-d%2`- ~~ KenoshaCo. ~~ MilwaukeeCo. ~~~ RacineCo. #~~G,#Totalpopulation,1990 ~~ 128,181 ~~ 959,275 ~~~ 175,034 #~~G,#Urbanpopulation,1990 ~~ 101,076 ~~ 959,275 ~~~ 138,943 %~~~W<%Ruralpopulation,1990 ~~~ 27,105 +~~~ # 2+0 ~~~~ 36,091^^^-d%2`-..4..4Source:U.S.BureauoftheCensusXXX-d%2`-XXX-\ `-Theareasourcesinventoriedaredividedintwoclasses:individual"small"(or"minor")pointsourcesthatemitlessthattentonsperyearofanyofthe49pollutants;and"traditional"areasources.WisconsinfollowedtheAirToxicsEmissionsInventoryProtocolindevelopingitscontributiontothepilotstudy,aswelltheFactorInformationRetrievalSystem(FIRE)andtheReferenceTablesintheRegionalAirPollutionInventoryDevelopmentSystem(RAPIDS).Anevaluationoftheprotocoldocumentandanassessmentoftheemissionestimationtechniquesusedintheprojectareprovidedbelow. XXX-d%2`-DATASOURCESXXX-\ `- ThemajorityoftheemissionsourcesincludedintheWisconsininventorywerecollectedbytheWisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources(DNR)aspartofitsannualairemissionsinventoryprocess.Stateregulation,ch.NR438,Wis.Adm.Code,requiresdetailedannualemissionreportsfromanysourcewithtotal,actual,annualemissionsaboveareportingthreshold.Thereportingthresholdvariesforeachofthe500+aircontaminantscoveredbytherule,fromaslittleas0.0001lb/yrfor2,3,7,8TCDDtoasmuchas100,000tonsperyear(TPY)forcarbondioxide.Formostcontaminantsthereportingthresholdis3TPYorless.Asaresult,Wisconsins pointsourceemissionsinventorycontainsdatafrommanysourcesthataretraditionallyconsidered areasources(i.e.,minorsourcesemittinglessthan10TPYofatoxiccontaminant).Forpurposesofthepilotstudy,however,onlydataforthesmallerpointsourcesinWisconsinsemissionsinventorywereincluded.Specifically,thescopewaslimitedtopointsourceswithactualannualemissionsbelow10tonsforeachhazardousairpollutantcoveredbytheCleanAirAct.TherationaleforthisdecisionisthatsourceswithemissionsabovethatlevelshouldberegulatedbyafederalMACTstandard(MaximumAchievableControlTechnology)forairtoxics,whiletheUrbanAreaStudythatthepilotstudysupportsisintendedtoidentifysmaller areasourcesthatmightotherwisegounregulated.Wisconsinsannualemissionsinventoryisnotlimitedtoanyparticulartypeofindustryorprocess.Ifthetotalemissionsforasourceexceedthereportingthresholdforagivenpollutant,thesourceisrequiredtoprovideinformationonanyprocessemittinganyamountofthatpollutant.AllSICandSCCcodesare,intheory,coveredbythiseffort.Inpractice,manySICandSCCcodesarenotresponsibleforairemissionsaboveanyofthereportingthresholds.IntheWisconsinpilotinventory,afewofthesetypesofsourceshavebeeninventoriedusingareasourcemethods.Wisconsinsairemissionsinventoryruleincludesall49pollutantscoveredbypilotstudy.EachDecember,WisconsinDNRmailshardcopyand/orelectronicupdateformstoeverysourceontheexistingemissionsinventory.Sourcesareaskedtoupdateanyoutofdateinformationandentertheiractivitydataforthatyear.ResponsesarereturnedtotheDNRandenteredintotheemissionsinventorydatabase.Sourcesareaddedtothemailinglistwhentheyareidentifiedthroughpermitting,compliance,orsurveillancework.AnnualemissionsinventoriesaregenerallycompletedbyAugustofthefollowingyear(e.g.,thecalendaryear1993inventorywascompletedbyAugust1994).ThepointsourcedatasubmittedbyWisconsinareforcalendaryear1993andincludeemissionestimatesasreportedbyallsourcesinthethreecountystudyarea.ToxicemissionestimatesaremadebysourcesandthenreportedtotheDNR.Sourcesarerequiredtoreportactual,annualemissionsinlb/yr,andidentifythemethodusedtomaketheestimate(emissionfactor,stacktest,materialbalance,MSDS,or other).Theseestimatesaccountforanyemissioncontrolsinplace.TheDNRdoesnotmakeitsownestimatesoftoxicemissionsforpointsources.Instead,theDNRcomplianceinspectormostfamiliarwiththesourceisexpectedtoreviewthereportedemissionestimatesandverifytheirreasonableness(notnecessarilytheiraccuracy).Inaddition,thedepartmentrunsalimitedsetofautomatedqualityassurancechecksoncethedataareenteredintotheelectronicemissionsinventorydatabase.Forthecalendaryear1993inventory,theseinternalqualityassurancecheckswerenotdirectlyrelatedtoanyofthequalityassurancechecksdescribedintheprotocol.Theywereintendedtoidentifygrosserrorsinthereporteddata.Anyproblemsidentifiedbythecomplianceinspectorortheautomatedproceduresareforwardedtothereportingsourceforcorrection.Reconciliationofpointandareasourcedatawereunnecessary,sincenosourcesonthepointsourceinventorycamefromtheareasourcecategoriesevaluated.Noattempthasbeenmadetoestimatehowcompletethepointsourceinventoryis,norhasanyattemptbeenmadetoscaleupthepointsourceemissionestimatestoaccountformissingsources. XXX-d%2`-CALCULATIONMETHODSXXX-\ `- ThefollowingisadiscussionofthemethodologyusedforcalculatingpointsourceemissionsforthefivesourcecategoriesinventoriedintheWisconsinreport.Foreachsourcecategorytheprocessforidentifyingindividualsourcesisreviewed,themethodologyforestimatingemissionsisexplained,samplecalculationsareshown,resultsarelistedbycountyforeachpollutant,referencesarecited,andtheevaluationofandrecommendationsfortheprotocolissummarized.̇ XXX-d%2`-LandfillGasCombustionandFugitiveEmissionsXXX-\ `- Landfillgasisproducedbytheanaerobicdecompositionoforganicmaterials,suchaspaper,foodwaste,yardwaste,etc.Landfillgasproductionbeginsonetotwoyearsafterwasteplacement,andmaylastfrom1060years.Wisconsinrequiresthatalllandfills(operationalornot)recoverlandfillmethaneforenergyuse,orflarethemethanetoreducegreenhousegasemissions.  XXX-d%2`-SourceIdentificationXXX-\ `-  ProtocolSection3.2.1SICCodes SICcode4953REFUSESYSTEMS.ThisincludesthecategoryLANDFILL,SANITARY:Operationof. ProtocolSection3.2.2SCC/AMSCodes SCC50200601WasteGasFlaresprovidesemissionfactors[lb/MMBTU]for:benz(a)anthracene,benzo(a)pyrene,carbontetrachloride,chrysene,fluoranthene,methylenechloride,naphthalene,PCBs,TCDD2378,TCDF2378,tetrachloroethene,111trichloroethane,trichloroethylene. ProtocolSection3.2.3NewSCC/AMSCodes TheexistingSCC/AMScodesadequatelycoverthiscategory. ProtocolSection3.3Pollutants 13pollutantswereidentified:arsenic,benz(a)anthracene,benzo(a)pyrene,carbontetrachloride,chrysene,fluoranthene,methylenechloride,naphthalene,PCBs,TCDD2378,TCDF2378,tetrachloroethene,111trichloroethane,trichloroethylene. ProtocolSection3.4IdentifyingFacilities Whileacompleteinventoryofoperationallandfillsitesexists,comprehensiveinformationonlandfillsitesthathaveclosedupto60yearsagodoesnotexist.Wisconsinstotalmethanelandfillgasproduced(cu.ft.)wasfoundfromaWisconsinGreenhouseGasstudy(PSC/WDNR,1995). XXX-d%2`-AirToxicEmissionEstimationXXX-\ `-  ProtocolSection4.1TemporalResolution Methaneproductionispresentedfor1990and1995intheGreenhouseGasEmissionstudy.TheWisconsinDNRGreenhouseGasGroup'sdatabaseprovidedmethaneproductionfor1993.Methaneproductionisassumedtobeconstantthroughouttheyear. ProtocolSection4.1SpatialResolution Themethaneproducedinthestatewasdisaggregatedtoeachcountybythecountyspopulationfractionofthestate. ProtocolSection4.2EmissionEstimationTechniques(EETs) ProtocolSection4.3OverallInventoryDevelopment ProtocolSection4.4ActivityandEmissionUnits ProtocolSection4.5ScaleupforMissingSources ThecountymethanevolumesweredoubledtoaccountforCO2producedalongwiththemethane,whichisvented,ratherthanflared.Thenumbersweredoubledagain,toreflectthestandardcollectionefficiencyof50%thatis,50%iscollectedandflared,while50%escapestheflaringprocessdespitethebestavailabletechnology.Whenrequired,themethanewasconvertedfromcubicfeettoMMBTUassuming5*104MMBTUpercuft.EmissionfactorsfromFIREwerethenapplied. XXX-d%2`-SampleCalculationsXXX-\ `- Emissionsbycountywerecalculatedasfollows:WhenusingSCC50200601emissionfactors,County_Emis=..Wis_methane_flared*4*5E4MMBTU/cuft*County_pop_fraction*Emis_factor[lbs/MMBTU]WhenusingSCC50200601emissionfactors,County_Emis=..Wis_methane_flared*4*County_pop_fraction*Emis_factor[lbs/cu.ft.] XXX-d%2`-ResultsXXX-\ `- 5+ ` hp x (#54..4 ..  .. <..<Kenosha..D..DMilwaukee..L..LRacine4..4 ..  .. <..<(pounds)..D..D(pounds)..L..L(pounds)Benz(a)anthracene .. <..<1.6E-05..D..D1.2E-04..L..L2.1E-05Benzo(a)pyrene .. <..<2.8E-05..D..D2.1E-04..L..L3.9E-05Carbontet ..  .. <..<0.18....D..D1.3....L..L0.25Chrysene ..  .. <..<0.007....D..D0.05....L..L0.01Fluoranthene ..  .. <..<0.18....D..D1.3....L..L0.25MethyleneChloride .. <..<53....D..D398....L..L72.7Naphthalene ..  .. <..<270....D..D2,000....L..L370PCBs4..4 ..  .. <..<0.015....D..D0.11....L..L0.021TCDD2378 ..  .. <..<3.5E-05..D..D2.6E-04..L..L4.8E-05TCDF2378 ..  .. <..<4.4E-04..D..D0.0033..L..L..6.0E-04Tetrachloroethene .. <..<0.86....D..D6.5....L..L1.2111trichloroethane .. <..<2.5....D..D19....L..L3.5Trichloroethylene .. <..<0.312....D..D2.34....L..L0.426 XXX-d%2`-ReferencesXXX-\ `- PSC/WDNR.WisconsinGreenhouseGasEmissionReductionCostStudyPhase2,PartA.ProjectionsofGreenhouseGasEmissionsforWisconsin.PublicServiceCorporationofWisconsin/WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources.April,1995.WisconsinGreenhouseGasEmissionReductionCostStudyLandfillGasProductionSpreadsheet.PublicServiceCorporationofWisconsin/WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources.U.S.EPA.AirEmissionsfromMunicipalSolidWasteLandfillsBackgroundInformationforProposedStandardsandGuidelines.EPA450/390011a.March1991.̇ XXX-d%2`-EvaluationofProtocolandRecommendationsXXX-\ `- Themethodologyofusingemissionfactors(AP42)formethanecombustionisunsatisfactoryfortotallandfillemissions.Theemissionsreportedonlyrepresenttoxicsfromthecombustionandreleaseoflandfillgasses(CO2andCH4.)Amuchlargersourceofairtoxicsfromlandfillsitesmaybefromthevolatilizationofsolventandpetroleumwastes,andheavymetalsairborneindust.Emissionsarehighlydependentonthecontentofthewaste.  XXX-d%2`-  ResidentialWoodburningXXX-\ `-   Residentialwoodburningoccursinwoodburningstoves,woodburningfurnaces,fireplaceswithandwithoutinserts,firepits,andincombinationsofthesecategories.Woodburnedinfireplaceswithoutinserts,firepits,andwoodburnedincombinationwithothercategorieswasclassifiedaswoodburnedforpleasureuse.Theremainderofthewoodisburnedinwoodburningfurnaces,woodburningstoves,andfireplaceswithinsertsandwasassumedtobeusedforprimaryandsupplementalheating.   H XXX-d%2`-SourceIdentificationXXX-\ `-  ProtocolSection3.2.1SICCodes ResidentialwoodburningisnotanindustrialactivitycoveredbyanSICcode. ProtocolSection3.2.2SCC/AMSCodes AreaMobileSourcecodesavailableinFIRE(FactorInformationRetrievalSystem)andAP42whichcoverresidentialwoodburningwereusedtoproduceestimatesofasmanypollutantsaspossible.SevenAMScodesappliedtoresidentialwoodburning.Theyare:04..41.2104008000Totalwoodstovesandfireplaces.4..42.2104008001Fireplacesgeneral4..43.2104008010Woodstovesresidentialgeneral.4..44.2104008030Woodstovescatalyticconverters.4..45.2104008050Noncatalytic,woodstovesgeneral.4..46.2104008051Noncatalytic,woodstovesconventional.4..47.2104008052Noncatalytic,woodstovesnewermodels.4..48.2104008053Noncatalyticwoodstoveslowemittingpelletstoves.SCC10300903IndustrialWoodFiredBoilerswasalsousedtoprovideemissionfactorswhennobetteremissionfactorexisted.Thistechniquewasnotdescribedintheprotocol,butiswidelyusedintheWisconsinDNR(Hubbard),andwasjudgedtobe reasonable(McCrillis).EmissionestimatesforresidentialwoodburningwereproducedusingappropriateSCCcodesthatpertaintofireplaces,woodstoves,andindustrialboilers. GLEIProtocolSection3.2.3NewSCC/AMSCodes TheexistingSCC/AMScodesadequatelycoverthiscategory.Thedeviationinestimationtechniqueisaresultofinadequateemissionfactorsforvarioustoxics,ratherthananyproblemswiththeSCC/AMScodesthemselves. GLEIProtocolSection3.3Pollutants TheSourceSummaryDatabasewasusedtoconstructalistofpotential,expectedtargetcompoundsemittedduetoresidentialwoodburning.SevenAMScodesweresearchedforresidentialwoodburningand17expectedpollutantemissionswereidentified.AsearchoftheSourceSummaryDatabaseforpollutantsemittedfromindustrialwoodfiredboilers(10100903)locatedanadditional7possibletargetcompounds.Expectedtargetcompoundemissionsidentifiedare:  SCCCode ..  .. <..<SCCCode2104008%% ..  .. <..<101009031.2,3,7,8TCDD .. <..<1.Arsenic2.2,3,7,8TCDF .. <..<2.ChromiumVI3.PCDDtotal .. <..<3.Cobalt4.PCDFtotal .. <..<4.Lead5.Ethelbenzene .. <..<5.POM6.Benzo(a)pyrene .. <..<6.Mercury7.Benz(a)anthracene .. <..<7.PCB8.Cadmium9.Chromium10.Copper11.Manganese12.Naphthalene13.Phenol14.Chrysene15.Fluoranthene16.Nickel17.PAH'sInordertocompilethemostextensiveestimateofemissionsduetoresidentialwoodburninginthestate,WisconsinsmethodsdeviatedfromtheprotocolinthatallAMScodeswereapplied,inorderofrelevance,whencalculatingemissions.Inthecaseofcalculatingemissionsfromwoodburningstoves,forexample,factorsfoundintheAMScodes2104008010,2104008050,and10100903wereincluded.Emissionfactorsfor22ofthe24totalpollutantsweregatheredfromtheFIREdatabase.Benz(a)anthracene,benzo(a)pyrene,cadmium,chromium,chrysene,copper,fluoranthene,manganese,naphthalene,nickel,phenol,andPAHfactorswereobtainedforAMScode2104008050Noncatalyticwoodstovesgeneral.2,3,7,8TCDD,2,3,7,8TCDF,PCDDtotal,andPCDFtotalwereobtainedforAMScode2104008010Residentialwoodstovesgeneral.Finally,emissionfactorsforarsenic,chromeVI,cobalt,lead,mercuryandPOMwereobtainedfromSCC10100903woodfiredboilers. ProtocolSection3.4IdentifyingFacilities 1994surveyinformation(T.Mace,personalcommunication)regardingthevolumeofwood(incords)burnedineachWisconsinForestSurveyUnitwasprovidedforthepilotstudy.Thisinformationwasprovidedasvolumeburnedinstoves,furnaces,fireplaceinserts,fireplaces,andcombinations.Surveyinformationcontainedthevolumeofwood(cords)burnedforpleasure(allcategories),secondaryheat,andprimaryheat(Macepers.comm.). XXX-d%2`-AirToxicEmissionEstimationXXX-\ `-  ProtocolSection4.1TemporalResolution ThedatasetquantifyingresidentialwooduseinWisconsinisbasedonannualestimatesofconsumptionbyusers.ItisreasonabletoassumethatallresidentialwoodburningoccursbetweenSeptemberandApril(sixmonths).Itwasdecidedthatthemostaccuratemethodofestimatingwooduseinsubsequentyearsistoadjustthedatasettoreflectthenumberofheatingdegreedaysforthegivenyearofestimation.Datapertainingtoresidentialwooduseisnotfrequentlygatheredandmaybescarceinotherstates. ProtocolSection4.1SpatialResolution WooduseestimatesfromForestSurveyUnitsweredisaggregatetoacountybycountybasisforcalculationofemissionestimates. ProtocolSection4.2EmissionEstimationTechniques(EETs) ProtocolSection4.3OverallInventoryDevelopment ProtocolSection4.4ActivityandEmissionUnits ProtocolSection4.5ScaleupforMissingSources   ExpectedpollutantslocatedintheSSDarelistedbelow.Emissionfactors,ifavailable,wereobtainedfromthemostrecentversionoftheFIREdatabase.Noinformationisavailableontheproportionofthepopulationwithemissioncontrols(catalyticwoodstoves),ortheeffectivenessofthesecontrolmeasuresovertime.Thepopulationofcatalyticwoodstoveswasassumedtobezero. H Theestimatesdevelopedfortheamountofwoodburnedarearepresentationofthetotalwoodburnedineachcounty.Therefore,noscaleupformissingsourcesisnecessary.Thereisnopossibilitythatemissionsfromresidentialwoodburningweredoublecounted.1994surveyinformationregardingthevolumeofwood(incords)burnedineachWisconsinForestSurveyUnitwassupplied.Thisinformationwasprovidedasvolumeburnedinstoves,furnaces,fireplaceinserts,fireplaces,andcombinations.Surveyinformationalsocontainedthevolumeofwood(cords)burnedforpleasure(allcategories),secondaryheat,andprimaryheat(Macepers.comm.).Sincetheprotocoldictatesthatcountiesserveasthefunctionalunit,ForestSurveyUnitdataweredisaggregatetocountylevelasfollows:Pleasureandprimary/secondaryheatingusewasdividedwithineachcountybasedonthefractionofwoodburnedinwoodburningstoves,woodburningfurnaces,fireplaceswithinserts,fireplaces(noinsert),andfirepitswithintheForestSurveyunit.Cordsofwoodburnedinstoves,furnacesandfireplaceinsertsweresummed,andwoodburnedinfireplaces,firepits,andcombinationsweresummed.Emissionfactorsofthesetwogroupswereassumedtobecharacterizedaswoodburningstovesandfireplaces.Thevolumeofwoodwasconvertedtoweight,assuming1.8tons/cord(Macepers.comm.)andnormalizedforthedifferenceinheatingdegreedaysin1993comparedto1994givinganestimateof1993consumption(WisconsinDepartmentofAdministration1994).  CordsofwoodburnedforpleasurewereassumedtobeproportionaltotheamountofsinglefamilydetachedhousingineachcountycomparedtotheForestSurveyUnittotalandthatthenumberoffireplacesisequallydistributedamongcounties.Cordsburnedforpleasureuseineachcountywerecalculatedbymultiplyingtheproportionofdetachedhousingunitsineachcounty(U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus1990)relativetothesurveyunittotalbythetotalnumberofcordsburnedforpleasureintheForestSurveyUnit.CordsofwoodburnedforprimaryorsecondaryheatwasassumedtobeproportionaltothenumberofhouseholdsinthecountythatareprimarilyheatedbywoodcomparedtothetotalnumberofhousesheatedbywoodwithintheForestSurveyUnit(U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus1990).Cordsofwoodburnedineachcountyforprimaryandsecondaryheatingwasdeterminedbymultiplyingtheproportionofhouseholdsineachcountythatareheatedwithwoodrelativetothesurveyunittotalhouseholdsheatedwithwoodbythenumberofcordsofwoodburnedasaprimaryorsecondaryheatsourcewithinthesurveyunit. XXX-d%2`-SampleCalculationsXXX-\ `- ThefollowingemissionfactorswerederivedfromFIREAMScode2104008010(woodburningstoves):PCDDs,PCDFs,TCDD2378,TCDF2378.ThefollowingemissionfactorswerederivedfromFIREAMScode2104008050(woodburningstoves):benz(a)anthracene,benzo(a)pyrene,cadmium,chromium,chrysene,copper,fluoranthene,manganese,naphthalene,nickel,phenol,PAHs.ThefollowingemissionfactorswerederivedfromFIRESCCcode10100903(woodfiredboiler):arsenic,chromeVI,cobalt,lead,mercury,POM.ForFireplaceCalculations:ThefollowingemissionfactorswerederivedfromFIREAMScode2104008001(Fireplaces):PCDDs,PCDFs,TCDD2378.ThefollowingemissionfactorswerederivedfromFIREAMScode2104008010(woodburningstoves):TCDF2378.ThefollowingemissionfactorswerederivedfromFIREAMScode2104008050(woodburningstoves):benz(a)anthracene,benzo(a)pyrene,cadmium,chromium,chrysene,copper,fluoranthene,manganese,naphthalene,nickel,phenol,PAHs.ThefollowingemissionfactorswerederivedfromFIRESCCcode10100903(woodfiredboiler):arsenic,chromeVI,cobalt,lead,mercury,POM.EmissionCalculationExample:EmissionsofarsenicfromresidentialwoodstoveuseinKenoshaCounty:4..4 ..  .. <..<EMS=AB*EFwhere4..4 ..  .. EMS=Emissionsofarsenic4..4 ..  .. AB=Annualwoodfueluseinwoodstoves(tons)4..4 ..  .. EF=Emissionfactor(FIRE)Totalannualpoundsofarsenicemittedbywoodfuelinwoodstoves,KenoshaCounty,1993:4..4 .. AB=8964tonswood4..4 .. EF=8.8x105lbsperton4..4 ..  .. <..<....EMS=AB*EF4..4 ..  .. <..<..EMS=(8964tons)*(8.8x105lbsperton)4..4 ..  .. <..<..EMS=0.789lbsarsenicemitted   |(X` X D <h4p x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMXXX-d%2`-ResultsXXX-\ `- 4..4 ..  ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..WoodstovesD..D..FireplacesL..L..TOTAL4..4 ..  ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..(pounds)D..D..(pounds)L..L..(pounds)Kenosha .. Arsenicp..p<..<h..h..0.789..D..D..0.441..L..L..1.230!..!County .. Benz(a)anthracene..8.964..D..D..5.015..L..L13.9794..4 .. Benzo(a)pyreneh..h53.783..D..D30.092..L..L83.8754..4 .. Cd ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..0.179..D..D..0.100..L..L..0.2804..4 .. Cr ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..0.00E+00D..D..0.00E+00L..L..0.00E+004..4 .. ChromeVIp..p<..<h..h..0.412..D..D..0.231..L..L..0.6434..4 .. Chrysenep..p<..<h..h89.639..D..D50.153..L..L139.7924..4 .. Co ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..1.165..D..D..0.652..L..L..1.8174..4 .. Cu ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..3.048..D..D..1.705..L..L..4.7534..4 .. Fluoranthene<..<h..h71.711..D..D40.123..L..L111.8344..4 .. Pb ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..9.860..D..D..5.517..L..L15.3774..4 .. Mnandcompounds..1.255..D..D..0.702..L..L..1.9574..4 .. Hg ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..0.058..D..D..0.033..L..L..0.0914..4 .. Naphthalene<..<h..h..1290.8D..D..(..(722.21L..L..2013.004..4 .. Niandcompounds..0.179..D..D..0.100..L..L..0.2804..4 .. phenol .. p..p<..<71.711..D..D..40.123L..L..111.8344..4 .. PCDDsp..p<..<h..h..0.026..D..D..0.004..L..L..0.0404..4 .. PCDFsp..p<..<h..h..0.143..D..D..2.51E3L..L..0.224..4 .. PAHs .. p..p<..<h..h4481.93..D..D2507.66..L..L6989.594..4 .. POM ..  .. p..p<..<h..h25.995..D..D14.544..L..L22.364..4 .. TCDD2378<..<h..h..6.63E-05D..D..1.40E-04L..L..2.07E-044..4 .. TCDF2378<..<h..h..0.004..D..D..0.002..L..L..0.0064..4 ..  ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..WoodstovesD..D..FireplacesL..L..TOTAL4..4 ..  ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..(pounds)D..D..(pounds)L..L..(pounds)Milwaukee .. Arsenicp..p<..<h..h..1.000..D..D..2.219..L..L..3.219County .. Benz(a)anthracene11.367..D..D25.214..L..L36.5814..4 .. Benzo(a)pyreneh..h68.204..D..D151.282..L..L219.4864..4 .. Cd ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..0.227..D..D..0.504..L..L..0.7324..4 .. Cr ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..0.00E+00D..D..0.00E+00L..L..0.00E+004..4 .. ChromeVIp..p<..<h..h..0.523..D..D..1.160..L..L..1.6834..4 .. Chrysenep..p<..<h..h113.673..D..D252.137..L..L365.8104..4 .. Co ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..1.478..D..D..3.278..L..L..4.7564..4 .. Cu ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..3.865..D..D..8.573..L..L12.4384..4 .. Fluoranthene<..<h..h90.938..D..D201.709..L..L292.6484..4 .. Pb ..  .. p..p<..<h..h12.504..D..D27.735..L..L40.2394..4 .. Mnandcompounds..1.591..D..D..3.530..L..L..5.1214..4 .. Hg ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..0.074..D..D..0.164..L..L..0.2384..4 .. Naphthalene<..<h..h..1636.89D..D3630.77..L..L5267.664..4 .. Niandcompounds..0.227..D..D..0.504..L..L..0.7324..4 .. phenol .. p..p<..<90.938..D..D201.709..L..L292.6484..4 .. PCDDsp..p<..<h..h..0.033..D..D..0.018..L..L..0.1064..4 .. PCDFsp..p<..<h..h..0.181..D..D..1.3E2..L..L0.5854..4 .. PAHs .. p..p<..<h..h5683.65..D..D12606.83..L..L18290.484..4 .. POM ..  .. p..p<..<h..h32.965..D..D73.120..L..L58.534..4 .. TCDD2378<..<h..h..8.41E-05D..D..7.06E-04L..L..7.90E-044..4 .. TCDF2378<..<h..h..0.005..D..D..0.011..L..L..0.0164..4 ..  ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..WoodstovesD..D..FireplacesL..L..TOTAL4..4 ..  ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..(pounds)D..D..(pounds)L..L..(pounds)Racine4..4Arsenic ..  .. p..p<..<1.183..`..`..0.572D..D..(..(1.755County .. Benz(a)anthracene13.444..D..D..6.495..L..L19.9394..4 .. Benzo(a)pyreneh..h80.664..D..D38.973..L..L119.6374..4 .. Cd ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..0.269..D..D..0.130..L..L..0.3994..4 .. Cr ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..0.00E+00D..D..0.00E+00L..L..0.00E+004..4 .. ChromeVIp..p<..<h..h..0.618..D..D..0.299..L..L..0.9174..4 .. Chrysenep..p<..<h..h134.440..D..D64.955..L..L199.3954..4 .. Co ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..1.748..D..D..0.844..L..L..2.5924..4 .. Cu ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..4.571..D..D..2.208..L..L..6.7794..4 .. Fluoranthene<..<h..h107.552..D..D51.964..L..L159.5164..4 .. Pb ..  .. p..p<..<h..h14.788..D..D..7.145..L..L21.9334..4 .. Mnandcompounds..1.882..D..D..0.909..L..L..2.7924..4 .. Hg ..  .. p..p<..<h..h..0.087..D..D..0.042..L..L..0.1304..4 .. Naphthalene<..<h..h..1935.93D..D935.34..L..L2871.284..4 .. Niandcompounds..0.269..D..D..0.130..L..L..0.3994..4 .. phenol .. p..p<..<107.552..D..D51.964..L..L159.5164..4 .. PCDDsp..p<..<h..h..0.039..D..D..0.005..L..L..0.0564..4 .. PCDFsp..p<..<h..h..0.214..D..D..3.2E-03L..L..0.3194..4 .. PAHs .. p..p<..<h..h6721.99..D..D3247.73..L..L9969.734..4 .. POM ..  .. p..p<..<h..h38.988..D..D18.837..L..L31.94..4 .. TCDD2378<..<h..h..9.95E-05D..D..1.82E-04L..L..2.81E-044..4 .. TCDF2378<..<h..h..0.006..D..D..0.003..L..L..0.00v& hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMOR`TVYh[]`9 XXX-d%2`-ReferencesXXX-\ `- Mace,T.WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources,BureauofForestry.PersonalCommunication.Hubbards,Allen.WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources,BureauofAirManagement.PersonalCommunication.3/22/95.McCrillis,Robert.U.S.EPA.Telephoneconversation,3/22/95.WisconsinDepartmentofAdministration,1991.1990HousingbyNumberofUnitsinStructureforWisconsin.CountiesandMunicipalities.Demographicservices.U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus.1993.CH-2-51.1990Censusofhousing,detailedhousingcharacteristics-Wisconsin.Moran,D.1995.WisconsinEnergyBureau,WisconsinDepartmentofAdministration.PersonalCommunication.WisconsinEnergyBureau,WisconsinDepartmentofAdministration.1994.WisconsinEnergyStatistics1994. XXX-d%2`-EvaluationofProtocolandRecommendationsXXX-\ `- Wisconsindeviatedfromtheprotocolintwoinstances.TheSourceSummaryDatabase(SSD)wassearchedforavarietyofprocessrelatedSCC/AMScodes.TheSCC/AMScodeswereusedforwoodburningstoves,fireplacesandwoodfiredboilersandemissionfactorsrelatingtowoodburningstoves,fireplaces,andalsowoodfiredboilerswerecombinedwhenproducingemissionestimations.Includingthiscompositeofprocessrelatedemissionfactorsresultsinthemostcompleteestimatesofemissionsfromresidentialwoodusepossible.Itisrecommendedthatotherstatesfollowthisprocedureofincludingemissionfactorsderivedforrelatedprocessesforresidentialwoodburning,andpossiblyinothercases,ifthesituationwarrants.Dataquantifyingresidentialwoodfuelusemaybelimitedordifficulttolocateinotherstates.However,inWisconsin,residentialwoodisacontributortolocalairpollution.Otherstatesarerecommendedtoinvestigatetheopportunitytoobtaindataforresidentialwoodburning,toincludethissourceintheirtoxicemissioninventory.  XXX-d%2`-CommercialDryCleaningOperationsXXX-\ `- Perchloroethylene(PERC,tetrachloroethene,tetrachloroethylene)isoneofthemostcommonsolventsusedbydrycleaningestablishments.Thissectionfocusesonemissionsfromcommercialfacilities.Thesourcesofemissionsindrycleaningoperationsareprocessventsfrommachines,equipmentleaksandclothingtransfer.Twobasictypesofdrycleaningmachinesareconsidered:vented"dry-todry"and"transfer.Transfermachineshaveaseparatewasheranddryer;clotheshavetobemanuallytransferredfromwashertodryer.Dry-to-drymachinescombinethewasheranddryerintoonepieceofequipment,eliminatingthetransferstep.Basiccontroldevicesforthesemachinesarerefrigeratedcondensersandcarbonabsorbers.  XXX-d%2`-SourceIdentificationXXX-\ `-  ProtocolSection3.2.1SICCodes DryCleaningestablishmentsaregroupedunderSICcode7211Laundry,Cleaning,andGarmentServices. ProtocolSection3.2.2SCC/AMSCodes ProtocolSection3.3Pollutants TheSSCsthatdescribePERCevaporationfromdrycleaningoperationsare40100101(unitofactivityinlbsPERC/lbsclothes)and40100103(unitofactivity:lbsPERC/tonsolventconsumed). ProtocolSection3.4IdentifyingFacilities ThePERCconsumptionanddrycleaningequipment(machinetypeandnumber,andcontrolequipmenttype)datawereobtainedfromthe1993InitialNotificationReportsubmittedbydrycleaningestablishmentsasrequiredundertheNESHAPstandard.Theinformationcollectedfromtheinitialnotificationdocumentprovideddataforatotalof94facilitiesthatreportedPERCastheirmaindrycleaningagent.Ofthe94facilities,65werelocatedinMilwaukeeCounty,16inRacineand13inKenoshaCounty. XXX-d%2`-AirToxicEmissionEstimationXXX-\ `-  ProtocolSection4.1TemporalResolution Emissionestimatesarepresentedonanannualbasis. ProtocolSection4.1SpatialResolution IndividualfacilitiesreportedPERCconsumption. ProtocolSection4.2EmissionEstimationTechniques(EETs) ProtocolSection4.3OverallInventoryDevelopment ProtocolSection4.4ActivityandEmissionUnits ProtocolSection4.5ScaleupforMissingSources NogenericemissionfactorswereavailableinFIREtocalculatePERCemissionsbasedonPERCconsumptiondata.Therefore,emissionsestimateswereproducedbasedonemissionfactorsderivedfrominformationonthetypeofmachine,controltypeandamountofPERCconsumption.TheU.S.EPAhasestablishedtheconsumptionlevelsofPERCthatresultsinemitting10tonsofPERCintotheairtobe2100gallonsfordrytodrymachines,and1800gallonsfortransfermachines(FederalRegistervol58,no.182,1993;MPCA,1995).SincethedensityofPERCis13.55lbspergallon,2100gallonsand1800gallonsofPERCrepresent14.2tonsand12.2tonsofPERC,respectively.Therefore,thefractionofPERCconsumedbyadrytodrymachinereleasedintotheairis:10Ton/12.2Ton=0.70(or70percent.)ThefractionofPERCconsumedbyatransfermachinereleasedintotheairis:10Ton/14.2Ton=0.82(or82percent.)TheremainderofthePERCgoesintowaste.BasedonemissionsdatafromMorrisandKepford(1990),foradrytodrymachine:55percentoftheairreleasesareprocessemissions,while45percentarefugitiveemissions.Fortransfersmachines:55percentoftheemissionsareassociatedwithfugitiveemissionsand45percentfromprocessemissions.Withprocesscontrols(carbonabsorber,refrigeratecondenser),thepercentemissionsfromadrytodrymachinearereducedto52percent.Fortransfermachinesemissionsarereducedto69percent(MorrisandKepford,1990;Smith,1995). XXX-d%2`-SampleCalculationsXXX-\ `- TheemissionfactorsusedtoestimatecountywidePERCemissionswerederivedasfollows:|(` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMOR`TVYh[]`pbEmissions[lbsPERC/GallonofPERCconsumed]= .. [gallonsPERCconsumed]*[densityofPERC(13.55lbs/gal)]x[type/controlfactor]Where[type/controlfactor]=<..<0.70forDrytodry,nocontrol ..  .. <..<..0.52forDrytodry,controlled ..  .. <..<..0.82forTransfer,nocontrol ..  .. <..<..0.69forTransfer,controlledEmissionCalculationExample:ForKenoshaCounty,Drytodrymachines,withemissioncontrols: .. Emissions=1901gal*13.55lb/gal*[0.52]=13394lbs.̇ForKenoshaCounty,Drytodrymachines,withnoemissioncontrol: .. Emissions=394gal*13.55lb/gal*[0.70]=3737lbs. XXX-d%2`-ResultsXXX-\ `- |(` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACPFHKXMOR`TVYh[]`County .. MachineType<..<Control..FactorD..D..PercUsedL..LEmissions4..4 ..  .. <..<....D..D(lbs/gal)..(gal/yr)..(lbs/yr)Kenosha .. DRY-TO-DRY..Y..D..D7.046....1901L..L..13394.444..4 .. DRY-TO-DRY..N..D..D9.48....394L..L..3735.124..4 .. TRANSFER<..<..Y..D..D9.35....200L..L..18704..4 .. TRANSFER<..<..N..11.11....򀀀165L..L..1833.154..4 .. TOTAL....D..D....2660L..L..20832.71Milwaukee .. DRY-TO-DRY..Y..D..D7.046....15801L..L..111333.84..4 .. DRY-TO-DRY..N..D..D9.48....1290L..L..12229.24..4 .. TRANSFER<..<..Y..D..D9.35....8442L..L..78932.74..4 .. TRANSFER<..<..N..11.11....򀀀160L..L..1777.64..4 .. TOTAL<..<....D..D....25693..204273.3Racine4..4DRY-TO-DRY<..<Y....7.046D..D..1200..L..L8455.24..4 .. DRY-TO-DRY..N..D..D9.48....380L..L..3602.44..4 .. TRANSFER<..<..Y..D..D9.35....2550L..L..23842.54..4 .. TRANSFER<..<..N..11.11....򀀀0L..L..04..4 .. TOTAL<..<....D..D....4130L..L..35900.1 XXX-d%2`-ReferencesXXX-\ `-  HealthBasedReviewoftheNESHAPforPerchloroethylene(PCE)DryCleaningFacilities,ReportDraftVersion5.1,EditedbyChunYiWu,MinnesotaPollutionControlAgency,AirQualityDivision,April,1995.̀ DocumentationofRevisedEmissionFactorsfortheDryCleaningIndustryMemorandumfromCarolynNorrisandKimKepford,RadianCorporation.To:DryCleaningNESHAPProjectFile.December14,1990.EPADocketNo.A8811,DocumentNo.IIB35,ResearchTrianglePark,Raleigh,NC,27711.FederalRegister,Vol.58No.182.Sept.22,1993.UnitedStatesGovernmentPrintingOffice,SuperintendentofDocuments.Washington,DC20402.  XXX-d%2`-GasolineServiceStationsXXX-\ `-  XXX-d%2`-SourceIdentificationXXX-\ `-  ProtocolSection3.2.1SICCodes TheprimarySICcodeforthiscategoryis5541(GasolineServiceStations).TherearenootherapplicableSICcodes. ProtocolSection3.2.2SCC/AMSCodes TheRAPIDSSCC/AMStablewasusedtoidentifyappropriateSCCandAMScodesforthissourcecategory.FilteringonSOURCECODE="COM/INS,SIC5541"yieldedthefollowingresults:04..41.0 .. GasolineRetailOperations(SCCs406003%%).AlsoknownasStageI,thisreferstoemissionsfromfillingofstoragetanksatgasstations.Specificcodesare01,02,05,06,07,99.04..42.0 .. FillingVehicleGasTanks(SCCs406004%%).AlsoknownasStageII,thisreferstoemissionsfromvehiclerefuelingatgasstations.Specificcodesare01,02,03,99.04..43.0 .. Petroleum&PetroleumProductStorage,GasolineServiceStations(AMSs2501060%%%).ThisgroupofAMScodescoversallareasourcegasstationemissionsforgasolineproducts.Specificcodesare000,050,051,052,053,100,101,102,103,200,201.04..44.0 .. Petroleum&PetroleumProductStorage,DieselServiceStations(AMSs2501070%%%).ThisgroupofAMScodescoversallareasourcegasstationemissionsfordieselproducts.Specificcodesare000,050,051,052,053,100,101,102,103,200,201. ProtocolSection3.2.3NewSCC/AMSCodes TheexistingSCCandAMScodesappeartoadequatelycoverthissourcecategory.Norequestsfornewcodesarenecessary. ProtocolSection3.3Pollutants Salesofleadedgasolinein1993wereassumedtobenegligible(i.e.,0);thesefuelshavebeenphasedout.Evaporativeemissionsfromdieselfuelsatservicestationswerealsoassumedtobenegligible,dieselfuelhasrelativelylowvolatility.Therefore,onlytheexpectedpollutantsfromevaporativeemissionsofunleadedgasolinewereconsidered.Areviewofthesourcesummarydatabasesindicatedthatgasolineservicestationsareasourceofemissionsforatleasteighttargetpollutants:ethylbenzene,naphthalene,1,2dichloroethane,phenol,carbontetrachloride,trichloroethylene,1,1,1trichloroethane,andPCDFs(1,2,3,6,7,8HCDFalsospecificallyidentified).However,Wisconsinwasunabletofindanymeansofestimatingemissionsforthelastfive(i.e.,nothinginAP42,noFIRE1994emissionfactors,notidentifiedinspeciationprofiles,nomodels,andnoequations).Onlyethylbenzene,naphthalene,and1,2dichloroethanewereinventoried. ProtocolSection3.4IdentifyingFacilities Duetoitsuseofdatathatisnotcommonlyavailabletootherstates,Wisconsinsmethodologydeviatedfromtheprotocol.Wisconsinhasdevelopedadatabaseofgasstationsinozonenonattainmentcounties(whichincludestheentirestudyarea)tofacilitateStageIIvaporrecoverycompliancetracking.ThisdatabasecontainsonerecordforeachgasstationwhichrespondedtoaStatenotificationrequirement.Thedataincludenameofstation,location,facilitycontacts,andaveragemonthlysalesofunleadedgasoline(i.e.,dieselnotincluded)fora24monthperiodcovering1991and1992.ThisdatabaseisconsideredtobethemostaccurateandcompleteelectronicallyavailabledatabaseonthissubjectintheState.Itincludesover400gasstationsinthethreecountystudyarea. XXX-d%2`-EmissionEstimationXXX-\ `-  ProtocolSection4.1TemporalResolution Monthlygasolinesalesfortheinventoryyear(1993)wereassumedtobeidenticaltomonthlysalesoverthetwoyearperiodrepresentedinthedatabase(19911992).Furthermore,eachfacilityinthedatabasewasassumedtohavebeeninbusinessfortheentiretyof1993.Monthlyaveragesalesnumbersinthedatabasearethereforemultipliedby12togettotal1993salesestimatesforthesourcesinthedatabase. ProtocolSection4.1SpatialResolution Eventhoughdataareavailableatthesourcelevelfornonattainmentcounties,gasolinestationsweretreatedascountywideareasourcesinthisstudyforthefollowingreasons:04..41.0 .. Otherstateswillprobablytreatgasstationsasanareasource(dataconsistency);04..42.0 .. Wisconsinwillhavetotreatgasstationsinozoneattainmentcountiesasanareasource(dataconsistency);04..43.0 .. InthejudgementoftheWisconsininventorypreparers,theenduseoftheSWLMinventorydoesnotdemandpointsourceaccuracyforthesesources. ProtocolSection4.3EETs Table43oftheprotocolindicatesthatemissionfactorsaretobeusedasthefirstprioritytoestimateemissionsfromSCCAMScodes406%%%%%.04..4For406003%%,emissionfactorsareavailablefor1,2dichloroethaneandethylbenzene.However,theethylbenzenefactorinRAPIDSappearstobeinerror.Itisexpressedaslb/galgaswhenitcorrectlyshouldbelb/1000galgas,ascorrectedinFIRE1994.Asfor406004%%,emissionfactorsareonlyavailablefor1,2dichloroethane.04..4AsourcespecificspeciationprofilewasfoundinTable32ofEPA'sStageIITechnicalGuidance(EPA450/391022a,November1991).SincetheprofileinSPECIATEisratedC,andtheprofileinthetechnicalguidanceisconsideredbetter,itwasassumedatleastCratedandthusacceptableforuse.Thesourcespecificandthegenericspeciationprofilesbothgivedatafortwoofthetargetpollutants:ethylbenzeneandnaphthalene.04..4Insummary,theEETfor1,2dichloroethanewasgenericemissionfactors,whiletheEETforethylbenzeneandnaphthalenewassourcespecificspeciation. QProtocolSection4.3FacilityandAreaSourceReconciliation AlthoughtheWisconsinpointsourceinventoryincludedafewgasolinestations,therewerenoemissionestimatesforanyofthem.Thisassuresthattheareasourcecalculationisnotdoublecountingemissionsfrompointsources. ProtocolSection4.3EmissionControls 04..4(Stage1.)Itwasconsideredmostconsistentwiththeprotocoltoavoidtheuseofemissionfactorsthatincludecontrols.Uncontrolledemissionfactorswereused,andacontrolefficiencywasbackcalculatedbycomparingtheuncontrolledandcontrolledemissionfactorsinFIRE.Thisresultsinanestimatedcontrolefficiencyof95.5%,whichisconsistentwithAP42(StageIvaporrecoverycontroltypically93to100%effective).ThisassumesthatthecontrolefficiencyforvolatileHAPsisidenticaltothatfortotalVOC.04..4(Stage2.)TheDNRonlyapprovesStage2vaporrecoverydevicescertifiedbytheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(CARB)andCARBonlycertifiesdevicesthatare95%effectiveorbetter.ThecontrolefficiencyforthepilotstudyinventoryforStageIIprocesseswithvaporrecoverydeviceswasassumedtobe95%.Again,thisassumesthatthecontrolefficiencyforvolatileHAPsisidenticaltothatfortotalVOC.MostservicestationsdidnothaveStage2vaporrecoveryinplacefortheinventoryyear,1993.Emissionestimatesaremadebasedonvaporrecoveryinstallationdatesasrecordedinthestatescompliancetrackingdatabase. ProtocolSection4.3ScaleUpForMissingSources Asexpected,lessthana100%responsewasreceivedtotheinformationrequestthatwasusedtogeneratethegasstationdatabase.Aftermonthsoffollowup,dataarestillbeingadded.Morethan90%ofthesourcesarenowestimatedtobeinthedatabase.Takingaconservativeapproach,10%ofthesourcesthatshouldbeinthedatabasewereassumednottobe,andthereforethethroughputdatawerescaledupappropriately.Furthermore,thedataarebasedonresponsestoanotificationrequirementwhichdidnotapplytosourceswithtankssmallerthan2000gallons.BasedonTable43fromEPA'sStageIITechnicalGuidance,2.4%ofgasolinesaleswereestimatedtocomefromsourceswithtankssmallerthan2000gallons.Anadditionaladjustmentwasmadetothethroughputtoaccountfortheseunregulatedsmallsources. XXX-d%2`-SampleCalculationsXXX-\ `- (1)EstimatedaveragemonthlygasolinesalesfromstationsinDNRDatabase(MONAVG):04..4 .. Kenosha<..<4,924,245.4gal04..4 .. Milwaukee<..<26,286,881.2gal04..4 .. Racine .. 5,011,560.3gal(2)EstimatedAnnualGasolineSalesforALLStations(TOTAL):04..4Annualize,ScaleUpforMissingSources,ScaleUpforUnregulatedSmallSources.4..4 .. i.e., .. TOTAL=MONAVG*12*1.100*1.02404..4 .. Kenosha<..<66,560,041gal/yr4..40 .. Milwaukee<..<355,314,516gal/yr4..40 .. Racine .. 67,740,258gal/yr(3)EstimatedthroughputforStage1displacementlosses:4..4a.Uncontrolledsources(2.4%ofallsales,i.e.,ST1U=TOTAL*0.024)04..40 .. 0 .. Kenosha..1,597,441gal/yr04..40 .. 0 .. Milwaukee..8,527,548gal/yr04..40 .. 0 .. Racine<..<1,625,766gal/yr4..4b.Controlledsources(ST1C=TOTALST1U)04..40 .. 0 .. Kenosha..64,962,600gal/yr04..40 .. 0 .. Milwaukee346,786,968gal/yr04..40 .. 0 .. Racine<..<66,114,492gal/yr(4)EstimatedthroughputforStage2displacementlosses:4..4a.Controlledsources(ST2C;estimatebasedoncompliancetrackingdatabase)04..40 .. 0 .. Kenosha..6,410,157gal/yr04..40 .. 0 .. Milwaukee45,399,805gal/yr04..40 .. 0 .. Racine<..<6,526,695gal/yr4..4b.Uncontrolledsources(TOTALST2C)04..40 .. 0 .. Kenosha..60,149,884gal/yr04..40 .. 0 .. Milwaukee309,914,711gal/yr04..40 .. 0 .. Racine<..<61,213,563gal/yr(5)EstimatedStage1DisplacementEmissions:04..40 .. CE=0.000foruncontrolledsplashfill04..40 .. CE=0.955forcontrolledsubmergedfill04..4a.0 .. 1,2Dichloroethane04..40 .. 0 .. EF=1.53E06lb/galforuncontrolledsplashfill04..40 .. 0 .. EF=9.76E07lb/galforuncontrolledsubmergedfill04..40 .. 0 .. Kenosha:1.53E06*1,597,441=2.4441lb(fromuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<9.76E07*64,962,600*(10.955)=2.8532lb(fromcontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. Milw.:0<..<1.53E06*8,527,548=13.0471lb(fromuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<9.76E07*346,786,968*(10.955)=15.2309lb(fromcontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. Racine:0<..<1.53E06*1,625,766=2.4874lb(fromuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<9.76E07*66,114,492*(10.955)=2.9037lb(fromcontrolledsources)04..4b.0 .. Ethylbenzene(basedonsourcespecificspeciation)4..4 ..  .. EF=0.001*EFVOC04..40 .. 0 .. EFVOC=0.0115lb/galforuncontrolledsplashfill04..40 .. 0 .. EFVOC=0.0073lb/galforuncontrolledsubmergedfill04..40 .. 0 .. EF=1.15E05lb/galforuncontrolledsplashfill04..40 .. 0 .. EF=7.3E06lb/galforuncontrolledsubmergedfill04..40 .. 0 .. Kenosha:1.15E05*1,597,441=18.3706lb(fromuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<7.3E06*64,962,600*(10.955)=21.3402lb(fromcontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. Milw.:0<..<1.15E05*8,527,548=98.0668lb(fromuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<7.3E06*346,786,968*(10.955)=113.9195lb(fromcontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. Racine:0<..<1.15E05*1,625,766=18.6963lb(fromuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<7.3E06*66,114,492*(10.955)=21.7186lb(fromcontrolledsources)04..4c.0 .. Naphthalene(basedonsourcespecificspeciation)4..4 ..  .. EF=0.005*EFVOC04..40 .. 0 .. EFVOC=0.0115lb/galforuncontrolledsplashfill04..40 .. 0 .. EFVOC=0.0073lb/galforuncontrolledsubmergedfill04..40 .. 0 .. EF=5.75E05lb/galforuncontrolledsplashfill04..40 .. 0 .. EF=3.65E05lb/galforuncontrolledsubmergedfill04..40 .. 0 .. Kenosha:5.75E05*1,597,441=91.8529lb(fromuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<3.65E05*64,962,600*(10.955)=106.7011lb(fromcontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. Milw.:0<..<5.75E05*8,527,548=490.3340lb(fromuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<3.65E05*346,786,968*(10.955)=569.5976lb(fromcontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. Racine:0<..<5.75E05*1,625,766=93.4815lb(fromuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<3.65E05*66,114,492*(10.955)=108.5931lb(fromcontrolledsources)(6)EstimatedStage2DisplacementandSpillageEmissions:04..40 .. CE=0.000fordisplacementlossesfromuncontrolledvehiclerefueling04..40 .. CE=0.950fordisplacementlossesfromcontrolledvehiclerefueling04..40 .. Throughputforspillageemissions=TOTAL04..4a.0 .. 1,2Dichloroethane04..40 .. 0 .. EF=1.46E06lb/galfordisplacementlossesfromvehiclerefueling04..40 .. 0 .. EF=8.85E08lb/galforspillagelosses04..40 .. 0 .. Kenosha:1.46E06*60,149,884=87.8188lb(displacementuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<1.46E06*6,410,157*(10.95)=0.4679lb(displacementcontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<8.85E08*66,560,041=5.8906lb(spillagefromallsources)04..40 .. 0 .. Milw.:0<..<1.46E06*309,914,711=452.4755lb(displacementuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<1.46E06*45,399,805*(10.95)=3.3142lb(displacementcontrolledsources.)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<8.85E08*355,314,516=31.4453lb(spillagefromallsources)04..40 .. 0 .. Racine:<..<1.46E06*61,213,563=89.3718lb(displacementuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<1.46E06*6,526,695*(10.95)=0.4764lb(displacementcontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<8.85E08*67,740,258=5.9950lb(spillagefromallsources)04..4b.0 .. Ethylbenzene(basedonsourcespecificspeciation)4..4 ..  .. EF=0.001*EFVOC04..40 .. 0 .. EFVOC=1.1E02lb/galfordisplacementlossesfromvehiclerefueling04..40 .. 0 .. EFVOC=7.0E04lb/galforspillagelosses04..40 .. 0 .. EF=1.1E05lb/galfordisplacementlossesfromvehiclerefueling04..40 .. 0 .. EF=7.0E07lb/galforspillagelosses04..40 .. 0 .. Kenosha:1.1E05*60,149,884=661.6487lb(displacementuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<1.1E05*6,410,157*(10.95)=3.5256lb(displacementcontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<7.0E07*66,560,041=46.5920lb(spillagefromallsources)04..40 .. 0 .. Milw.:0<..<1.1E05*309,914,711=3409.0618lb(displacementuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<1.1E05*45,399,805*(10.95)=24.9699lb(displacementcontrolledsources.)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<7.0E07*355,314,516=248.7202lb(spillagefromallsources)04..40 .. 0 .. Racine:<..<1.1E05*61,213,563=673.3492lb(displacementuncontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<1.1E05*6,526,695*(10.95)=3.5897lb(displacementcontrolledsources)04..40 .. 0 .. 0<..<7.0E07*67,740,258=47.4182lb(spillagefromallsources)04..4c.0 .. Naphthalene(basedonsourcespecificspeciation)4..4 ..  .. EF=0.005*EFVOC04..40 .. 0 .. EFVOC=1.1E02lb/galfordisplacementlossesfromvehiclerefueling04..40 .. 0 .. EFVOC=7.0E04lb/galforspillagelosses04..40 .. 0 .. EF=5.5E05lb/galfordisplacementlossesfromvehiclerefueling04..40 .. 0 .. EF=3.5E06lb/galforspillagelosses4..4 ..  .. Kenosha:5.5E05*60,149,884=3308.2436lb(displacementuncontrolledsources)4..4 ..  .. <..<5.5E05*6,410,157*(10.95)=17.6279lb(displacementcontrolledsources)4..4 ..  .. <..<3.5E06*66,560,041=232.9601lb(spillagefromallsources)4..4 ..  .. Milw.:<..<5.5E05*309,914,711=17045.3091lb(displacementuncontrolledsources)4..4 ..  .. <..<5.5E05*45,399,805*(10.95)=124.8495lb(displacementcontrolledsources.)4..4 ..  .. <..<3.5E06*355,314,516=1243.6008lb(spillagefromallsources)4..4 ..  .. Racine:0<..<5.5E05*61,213,563=3366.7460lb(displacementuncontrolledsources)4..4 ..  .. <..<5.5E05*6,526,695*(10.95)=17.9484lb(displacementcontrolledsources)4..4 ..  .. <..<3.5E06*67,740,258=237.0909lb(spillagefromallsources) XXX-d%2`-ResultsXXX-\ `- @6..2 EstimatedCalendarYear1993AirEmissions(inpounds)5+ X` )oA.5Pollutant ..  .. U..UKenosha0..'..'Milwaukee..0Z..ZRacine1,2Dichloroethane .. U..U99.5....'..'515.5..Z..Z101.2Ethylbenzene ..  .. U..U751.5....'..'3894.7..Z..Z764.8Naphthalene ..  .. 3757.4....19473.7..3823.9 XXX-d%2`-ReferencesXXX-\ `- 1.04..4U.S.EPA.TechnicalGuidanceStageIIVaporRecoverySystemsforControlofVehicleRefuelingEmissionsatGasolineDispensingFacilities.EPA450/391022.November1991.2.04..4DNRDatabaseofAverageMonthlyGasolineSalesinOzoneNonAttainmentCounties(MONAVG).Unpublished.May1995.  XXX-d%2`-PubliclyOwnedTreatmentWorksXXX-\ `- Pollutantsareemittedfromwastewatertreatmentplantsdependingoncontentsoftheinflowstream.PubliclyOwnedTreatmentWorks(POTW)inflowratesandairtoxicemissionswereestimatedintheWDNRStudy:HazardousAirPollutantEmissionfromWastewaterTreatmentPlants(1990).TheWisconsinreportusesdatafromthepreviousreportscaledupfor1993populationfigures.  XXX-d%2`-SourceIdentificationXXX-\ `-  ProtocolSection3.2.1SICCodes SICcode4952wasusedincoveringseweragesystemsinreportingofPOTWairemissions. ProtocolSection3.2.2SCC/AMSCodes WhensearchingforpotentialpollutantsSCC501007%%,whichwasfoundintheFIREdatabase,wasused. ProtocolSection3.2.3NewSCC/AMSCodes NonewSCC'sarerequired. ProtocolSection3.3Pollutants AsearchoftheSourceSummaryDatabaselocated23(fromtheGLClistof49)possibletoxicemissions. ProtocolSection3.4IdentifyingFacilities Generally,thereisonePOTWineachcounty,withsomeoftheheavilypopulatedcountieshavingmore.Inthe1990reportPOTW'swereidentified.LargerPOTW'sarerequiredtoreportaspointsourcesandconsequentlywerenotincludedinthepilotstudyreport.InthespatialscopeofthisprojectthereweretwoPOTW'sforwhichestimatesweremade:1)KenoshaCountyand2)RacineCounty. XXX-d%2`-AirToxicEmissionEstimationXXX-\ `-  ProtocolSection4.1TemporalResolution Emissionestimatesarepresentedonanannualbasis. ProtocolSection4.1SpatialResolution EmissionestimatesarepresentedattheindividualPOTWlevel.EmissionsfromeachPOTWarethenincludedinthecountywideestimate.InthecountiesinthisreportthereisonePOTWpercounty. ProtocolSection4.2EmissionEstimationTechniques(EETs) Processsimulationsoftware(NOCEPMmodel)wasusedinthe1990reporttoestimateemissionsatPOTW's.InputdatafortheprocesssimulationwasprovidedbythePOTW'stotheDNR.TheinflowtoPOTW'swasassumedtobethesamein1993aswhentheestimateswereproduced.Theestimatedamountoftoxicsemittedbytheincreasedpopulationwasthenestimated. ProtocolSection4.3OverallInventoryDevelopment ProtocolSection4.4ActivityandEmissionUnits ProtocolSection4.5ScaleupforMissingSources Intheestimateof1993emissionsfromPOTW's,datacollectedpreviously,availableinanexistingWisconsindatabase,wasused.Allestimateswereprovidedinpoundsproducedannually.Noscaleupformissingsourcesisconsiderednecessary. XXX-d%2`-SampleCalculationsXXX-\ `- EstimatedmethylenechlorideemissionsattheKenoshaCountyPOTW1993Estimatedmethylenechlorideemissionsin1986=683lbsPopulationincrease19861993=5.94%Methylenechlorideemissionestimatefor1993=683x1.0594=723.6lbs XXX-d%2`-ResultsXXX-\ `- OnlyonePOTW(inKenoshaCounty)reportedemissionsofanytoxicsintheprotocol.Estimatedemissionfor1993wascalculatedtobe723.6lbsofmethylenechloride. XXX-d%2`-ReferencesXXX-\ `- WDNRBureauofAirManagement.1990.HazardousAirPollutantEmissionsfromWastewaterTreatmentPlants.Pub.AM050090.  XXX-d%2`-NonroadEnginesXXX-\ `-  X Emissionsfromnonroadenginesincludesdieselengines(constructionequipment),gasolinefourstrokeengines(constructionequipment,lawnandgardenequipment,"inboard"boatmotors,etc.),andgasolinetwostrokeengines("outboard"boatmotors,lawnandgardenequipment,snowmobiles,etc...). H Informationregardingemissionfactorsforthesesourcesissparse.Aliteraturesearchwasperformedandemissionfactorswerecomposedusingthebestinformationavailable,oftenusingengineeringestimations.Wisconsinoffersexceptionalopportunityforrecreationalboatingandsnowmobiling.Wisconsin'semissionsfromthesetypesoftwostrokemotorsareprobablyhigher(percapita)thanformostotherstates.EmissionsfromrecreationalmarineandsnowmobileusearespecificallydeterminedfromWisconsinsurveyandregistrationdata.   XXX-d%2`-SourceIdentificationXXX-\ `-  GLEIProtocolSection3.2.1SICCodes Nonroadengines,asapplied,arenotanindustrialactivitycoveredbyanSICcode. GLEIProtocolSection3.2.2SIC/AMSCodes AMScodesavailableinFIREandAP42whichcoverinternalcombustionofappropriatefuelswereusedtoproduceestimatesofasmanypollutantsaspossible.Theseare:1.SIC20200102 .. InternalCombustion,Industrial,DieselFuel,Uncontrolled2.SIC20100101 .. Turbine,ElectricGeneration,Diesel/Fueloil,assumeuncontrolled3.SIC20200301 .. Reciprocating,Gasoline,Uncontrolled4.SIC20300301 .. Reciprocating,Gasoline,Uncontrolled5.A2201001000 .. Gasoline:LightDutyHighwayVehiclesSpeciationprofilesforVOCandParticulateMatterfromtheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(CARB,1991)wereusedwhennobetteremissionfactorexisted.Emissionfactorsfromscientificliteraturewereusedandengineeringestimateswereperformedwhenthesesourceswereconsidereddefensible. GLEIProtocolSection3.2.3NewSCC/AMSCodes Nonewcodesarerequired. GLEIProtocolSection3.3Pollutants Emissionfactorswerederivedfromavarietyofsources: DieselEngines: emissionfactorsfromtheFIREdatabasewereobtainedfrom:SICcode20200102(ReciprocatingDiesel)benz(a)anthracene,benzo(a)pyrene,chrysene,fluoranthene,mercury,naphthalene,PAH,VOCandPM.CARBparticulatespeciationprofileNo.118(VehicularSourcesDiesel)speciatescadmium,manganese,andmercury.CARBVOCspeciationprofileNo.561(DieselExhaust(aldehydesinemissions))speciatesethylbenzene. , SICCode20100101(Diesel/FuelOilTurbine)arsenic,chromium,chrysene,cobalt,copper,nickel. H  X FourStrokeGasolineEngines. EmissionfactorsfromtheFIREdatabasewereobtainedfrom: H ̀SICcode20200301/20300301hydrocarbonsandparticulatematter.Forsmallfourstrokeengines,emissionfactorsforhydrocarbons(VOC)andparticulatematterwerederivedortakenfromSAEpaperNo.910560specificallyforenginesof4horsepower(HP),12HP,and18HP.CARBparticulatespeciationprofileNo.117(VehicularSourcesGasoline)speciateschromium,cobalt,copper,manganese,nickel.CARBVOCspeciationprofileNo.527(NonCatalystExhaust(AldehydesinEmissions))speciatesethylbenzene.AMScode2201001000(LightDutyHighwayVehicles)naphthalene.Inaddition,someemissionfactorsweredeterminedfromSAEpaperNo.902116,usingVolkswagenJettaandAudi100data(leadedfuel,nocatalyticconverter)benz(a)anthracene,benzo(a)pyrene,chrysene,fluoranthene,andPAH. TwoStrokeEngines: emissionfactorsfortwostrokeengineswerethemostcomplicatedtodetermine.For5horsepowerand0.8horsepowerengines,SAEpaperNo.910560wasusedtodeterminePMandHC. X Forsnowmobiles,informationfromSAEpaperNo.740735wasusedtodeterminePMandHC. H Foroutboardmotors,SAEpaperNo.740737,No.901597,andtheU.S.EPANonRoadstudywereusedtodetermineHydrocarbons.Particulatematterwasestimated.CARBparticulatespeciationprofileNo.115(StaticICEnginesGasoline)providedchromium,cobalt,copper,manganese,nickel.CARBVOCspeciationprofileNo.502(NonCatalystLightDutyVehiclesExhaust)providedethylbenzene.Fortwostrokeengines,informationfromU.S.EPA(StageIIvehiclerefueling)wasusedtodeterminenaphthaleneand1,2dichloroethane,basedonethylbenzene. XXX-d%2`-PollutantsIdentifiedforNonroadEnginesXXX-\ `- * d,0,,,0+  -\ `- '}}PR#'-d%2`-PollutantsIdentified }~~ DieselEngines }~ TwoStrokeEngines }} FourStrokeEngines '~}2#'Arsenic ~~~ X ~~ Є ~} Є '}"#'Benz(a)anthracene ~~ X ~ X } X '}"#'Benzo(a)pyrene ~~ X ~ X } X '}"#'Cadmium ~~ X ~ Є } Є '}"#'Chromium ~~ X ~ X } X '}"#'Chrysene ~~ X ~ X } X '}"#'Cobalt ~~ X ~ X } X '}"#'Copper ~~ X ~ X } X '}"#'Dioxins* ~~ Є ~ Є } Є '}"#'Ethylbenzene ~~ X ~ X } X '}"#'Fluoranthene ~~ X ~ X } X '}"#'Lead ~~ X ~ Є } Є '}"#'Manganese&comps ~~ X ~ X } X '}"#'Mercury ~~ X ~ Є } Є '}"#'Naphthalene ~~ X ~ X } X '}"#'Nickel&comps. ~~ X ~ X } X )}}"S)PAHs ~}~ X }~ X }} XXXX-d%2`-Կ-\ `-*Dioxinsareexpected;noreliableemissionfactorcouldbedeterminedXXX-\ `- GLEIProtocolSection3.4IdentifyingFacilities Informationregardingdieselenginepopulation,twostrokemotorsexceptforsnowmobilesandrecreationalmarine,andfourstrokemotorsexceptforrecreationalmarine,wereobtainedfromtheWisconsinDNRBureauofAirManagement(WDNR).InformationregardingrecreationalmarineusecamefromtheWisconsinDNRBureauofAirManagementandBureauofResearch(WDNR1993andWDNR1991).InformationregardingsnowmobileusecamefromtheWisconsinDNRBureauofCommunityAssistance(WDNR1995)andWisconsinDepartmentofDevelopment,DivisionofTourism(Tourism1993).̇ XXX-d%2`-AirToxicEmissionEstimationXXX-\ `-  GLEIProtocolSection4.1TemporalResolution Dieseluseandgeneralsmallengineuse(twoandfourstroke,doesnotincludesnowmobileandrecreationalmarine)isbasedonestimatedannualconsumption.RecreationalmarineemissionsoccurduringthesixmonthperiodbetweenAprilandOctober.SnowmobileemissionsareassumedtooccurbetweenOctoberandApril. GLEIProtocolSection4.1SpatialResolution Emissionswerecalculatedonacountybycountybasis.Dieselemissionsandgeneralgasolineengineemissionrequiredadisaggregation,basedonpopulationfraction,ofWisconsinssixcountyozonenonattainmentarea( Kenosha , Milwaukee , Racine ,Ozaukee,Washington,andWaukeshaCounties).Forrecreationalmarine,dataregardingfuelsalesandboatingactivitywereprovidedatthecountylevel.Forsnowmobileuse,registrationwasprovidedonacountylevelforWisconsinresidentsandbythestateorprovince(Canada)foroutofstateregisteredsnowmobiles.ItwasconsideredmostreasonabletoassignthistotalpoolofsnowmobilerstothecountiesbasedonthefractionofSnowmobileTrailMilesthateachcountyhasinthestate. GLEIProtocolSection4.2EmissionEstimationTechniques(EETS) Determiningtheemissionsfrominternalcombustionenginesburninggasolineordieselisadifficultproblem.Formanycompoundsofinterest,theemissionsassociatedwiththeuseofoneengineisnearthelimitofdetection.However,multiplyingthissmallemissionperenginebythewidespreadpopulationofinternalcombustionenginesmayresultinconsiderabletotalemissions.Theemissionfactorfromeachengineoftendependsverystronglyonthedutycycle,orconditionsofuse,underwhichtheengineoperates.Uncertaintyintheoperatingconditionsofa typicalenginecouldbeamajorsourceoferrorindeterminingemissions.Determiningthepopulationofengines,andamountofuse,ischallenging.Often,anenginewilloperateinadifferentlocationthanwheretheengineisregistered.Forexample,asnowmobilemayberegisteredinalargecity,yetoperateentirelyseveralhundredmilesaway.Voluntarysurveysofamountofrecreationalusearepronetowideerrors,comparedtoactualuse.Forexample,surveyrespondentsmaysubconsciouslyreporttheamountoftimetheywishtheyusedtheirboat,ratherthantheiractualactivity.Oneparticularlysurprisingresultwasthatingeneral,atwostrokeengine(suchasfoundonacommonwalkbehindlawnmower,outboardmotororsnowmobile)exhaustsabout2535%ofthegasolineputinthetankasuncombustedhydrocarbons(rawfuel)(SAENo.740735,Mele,Lein).TheU.S.EPAhasdevelopednewphase1andphase2emissionsstandardsforsmallenginesforMay1996andMay1997.Whilehydrocarbonemissionsforutilityenginesareexpectedtodrop90%andmarineenginesby70%,theU.S.EPAdoesnotexpectthecompleteturnoverofprestandardenginesuntiltheyear2020,attheearliest(WDNR1994). GLEIProtocolSection4.3OverallInventoryDevelopment DevelopmentofEmissionFactors:DieselemissionfactorswereselectedfromFIRESIC20200102(reciprocatingdieselengines)whenavailable,fromSIC20100101(diesel/fueloilturbines)whennobetterdatawereavailable,andspeciatedfromVOCandPMemissionfactorsfromSIC20200102. XXX-d%2`-DieselEmissionFactorsXXX-\ `- -\ `-* d,0,,,,e,0+  '}}3! '  Compound }~~     SIC20200102(lb/MMBTU) }~     ӀSIC20100101(lb/MMBTU) }~     derivedfromPMspecies118(lb/MMBTU) }~     derivedfromVOCspecies561(lb/MMBTU) }}     FACTORUSED:(lb/MMBTU) )~}~1 )    Arsenic ~~~~   ~~~ 4.90E06 ~~~ 9.30E07 ~~~  ~~} 4.90E06 )}~1 )Benz(a)anthracene ~~~ 1.68E06 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~} 1.68E06 )}~1 )Benzo(a)pyrene ~~~ 1.88E07 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~} 1.88E07 )}~1 )Cd ~~~  ~~ 4.20E06 ~~ 2.08E05 ~~  ~} 2.08E05 )}~1 )Cr ~~~  ~~ 4.70E05 ~~ 2.79E06 ~~  ~} 4.70E05 )}~1 )Chrysene ~~~ 3.53E07 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~} 3.53E07 )}~1 )Co ~~~  ~~ 9.10E06 ~~ 1.86E06 ~~  ~} 9.10E06 )}~1 )Cu ~~~  ~~ 1.30E03 ~~ 9.30E05 ~~  ~} 1.30E03 )}~1 )1,2Dichloroethane ~~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  )}~1 )Dioxins;2378Equiv ~~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  )}~1 )Ethylbenzene ~~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 1.93E02 ~} 1.93E02 )}~1 )Fluoranthene ~~~ 7.61E06 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~} 7.61E06 )}~1 )Pb ~~~  ~~ 5.80E05 ~~  ~~  ~} 5.80E05 )}~1 )Mnandcompounds ~~~  ~~  ~~ 7.13E06 ~~  ~} 7.13E06 )}~1 )Hg ~~~ 3.01E07 ~~  ~~ 7.75E06 ~~  ~} 7.75E06 )}~1 )Naphthalene ~~~ 8.48E05 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~} 8.48E05 )}~1 )Niandcompounds ~~~  ~~ 1.20E03 ~~  ~~  ~} 1.20E03 )}~1 )PAHs ~~~ 1.68E04 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~} 1.68E04 )}~1 )VOC ~~~ 32.1 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  )}} Q )particulatematter ~}~ 0.31 }~  }~  }~  }} п XXX-d%2`-FourCycleEmissionFactorsforGeneric"Carlike"Engines-\ `- * d,9, , , , , , , 0+  /}}~./-d%2`-  Compound-d%2`- "}~"  SIC20200301-d%2`-/SIC20300301-d%2`-leadedfuel-d%2`-(g/HPhr)-d%2`- "}~"    A2201001000-d%2`-LightDuty-d%2`-HwyVehicles-d%2`-(g/HPhr)-d%2`- "}~"    SAE#902116-d%2`-Jetta/Audi100-d%2`-leadedfuel-d%2`-(g/HPhr)-d%2`- "}~"    U.S.EPA-d%2`-Non-d%2`-road-d%2`-(g/HPhr)-d%2`- "}~"    FromCARB-d%2`-VOCsp.527-d%2`-̀PMsp.117-d%2`-(g/HPhr)-d%2`- "}}"    FACTORSUSED-d%2`-       ~     (lb/gal) }     (g/HPhr) +~}~~+    Arsenic ~~~   ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~}  +}~~+Benz(a)anthracene ~~  ~~ 7.33E07* ~~ 1.68E05 ~~  ~~  ~~ 4.57E07 ~} 1.68E05 +}~~+Benzo(a)pyrene ~~  ~~  ~~ 1.34E05 ~~  ~~  ~~ 3.64E07 ~} 1.34E05 +}~~+Cd ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Cr ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 3.0E05 ~~ 8.15E07 ~} 3.00E05 +}~~+Chrysene ~~  ~~  ~~ 2.74E05 ~~  ~~  ~~ 7.44E07 ~} 2.74E05 +}~~+Co ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 3.0E05 ~~ 8.15E07 ~} 3.00E05 +}~~+Cu ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 3.0E05 ~~ 8.15E07 ~} 3.00E05 +}~~+1,2Dichloroethane ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Dioxins;2378Equiv ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Ethylbenzene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.047428 ~~ 1.29E03 ~} 4.74E02 +}~~+Fluoranthene ~~  ~~  ~~ 1.41E04 ~~  ~~  ~~ 3.84E06 ~} 1.41E04 +}~~+Pb ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Mnandcomp. ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 3.0E05 ~~ 8.15E07 ~} 3.00E05 +}~~+Hg ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Naphthalene ~~  ~~ 4.08E3 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 1.11E04 ~} 4.08E03 +}~~+Niandcompounds ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 3.0E05 ~~ 8.15E07 ~} 3.00E05 +}~~+PAHs ~~  ~~  ~~ 3.98E04 ~~  ~~  ~~ 1.08E05 ~} 3.98E04 +}~~+particulatematter ~~ 0.327 ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.06 ~~  ~~ 1.63E03 ~} 6.00E02 +}}~#+hydrocarbons }~ 6.68 }~  }~  }~  }~  }~ 1.81E01 }} 6.68-d%2`-  Կ-\ `-  -\ `-*Benz(a)anthraceneaverageoftwofactorsprovidedbyFIREforLDHWV-\ `-QXXX-\ `-FactorsfromSIC20200301/20300301andEPANonRoadweregiveningramsperhorsepowerhour(g/HPhr).FactorsfromAMS220100000andSAEpapernumber902116weregiveningramspermiletraveled.Assuming25milespergallon,knowing2.2044E3poundspergram,andusing38.809g/HPhrperlb/gal(derivedfromtheU.S.EPANonRoadstudy),unitsareconvertedtopounds/gallonofgasolineandpounds/HPhr. XXX-d%2`-EmissionFactorsforSmallFourCycleEnginesXXX-\ `- -d%2`-* d,0, , , , 0 +  '}}5O' }~~ generic }~ <4.5HP }~ 12HP }} 18HP '}O'  Compound ~~ carlike ~ 4stroke ~ 4stroke } 4stroke )}~_) ~~~ (g/HPhr) ~~ (g/HPhr) ~~ (g/HPhr) ~} (g/HPhr) )}~_)Arsenic ~~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  )}~_)Benz(a)anthracene ~~~ 1.68E05 ~~ 1.68E05 ~~ 1.68E05 ~} 1.68E05 )}~_)Benzo(a)pyren ~~~ 1.34E05 ~~ 1.34E05 ~~ 1.34E05 ~} 1.34E05 )}~_)Cd ~~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  )}~_)Cr ~~~ 3.00E05 ~~ 3.12E04 ~~ 3.00E05 ~} 1.00E04 )}~_)Chrysene ~~~ 2.74E05 ~~ 2.74E05 ~~ 2.74E05 ~} 2.74E05 )}~_)Co ~~~ 3.00E05 ~~ 3.12E04 ~~ 3.00E05 ~} 1.00E04 )}~_)Cu ~~~ 3.00E05 ~~ 3.12E04 ~~ 3.00E05 ~} 1.00E04 )}~_)1,2Dichloroethane ~~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  )}~_)Dioxins;2378Equiv ~~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  )}~_)Ethylbenzene ~~~ 4.74E02 ~~ 1.80E01 ~~ 4.07E02 ~} 4.22E02 )}~_)Fluoranthene ~~~ 1.41E04 ~~ 1.41E04 ~~ 1.41E04 ~} 1.41E04 )}~_)Pb ~~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  )}~_)Mnandcompounds ~~~ 3.00E05 ~~ 3.12E04 ~~ 3.00E05 ~} 1.00E04 )}~_)Mercury ~~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  )}~_)Naphthalene ~~~ 4.08E03 ~~ 4.08E03 ~~ 4.08E03 ~} 4.08E03 )}~_)Niandcompounds ~~~ 3.00E05 ~~ 3.12E04 ~~ 3.00E05 ~} 1.00E04 )}~_)PAHs ~~~ 3.98E04 ~~ 3.98E04 ~~ 3.98E04 ~} 3.98E04 )}~_)VOC ~~~ 6.68 ~~ 24.37 ~~ 5.5 ~} 5.70 )}~_)particulatematter ~~~ 0.06 ~~ 0.62 ~~ 0.06 ~} 0.20 )}})hydrocarbons ~}~ 6.68 }~ 24.37 }~ 5.5 }} 5.70XXX-\ `-Emissionsforsmallfourstrokeenginesusethe"genericcarlike"emissionsasabaselinewhennobetteremissionfactorscouldbedetermined.̀SAEpaperNo.910560(White,CarrollandHare)presentshydrocarbonandparticulatematterdataforthreedifferentwalkbehindmowers,allaround4HP.Theseemissionswereaveragedforhydrocarbonandparticulatematteremissionfactorforfourstrokeengineslessthan4.5HP.Hydrocarbonandparticulatematteremissionfactorswerealsogivenforfourstroke12HPand18HPutilityengines.Anassumptionwasmadethat100%ofhydrocarbonemissionsareVOC.CARBparticulatematterandVOCspeciationprofileswereusedtoimprovethespecificengineemissionfactorsforethylbenzene,chromium,cobalt,copper,manganese,andnickel. XXX-d%2`-TwoStrokeEmissionFactorsXXX-\ `- -d%2`-* d,'0,C,,,,M, 0+  '}}0y,' "}~~"generic-d%2`-carlike-d%2`--d%2`-(gram/HPhr)-d%2`- "}~"5hp-d%2`-2stroke-d%2`--d%2`-(g/HPhr)-d%2`- "}~"0.8hp-d%2`-2stroke-d%2`--d%2`-(g/HPhr)-d%2`- "}~"6.4HPaveuse-d%2`-ԀArcticCat-d%2`--d%2`-snowmobile-d%2`--d%2`-(g/HPhr)-d%2`- "}~"65hp-d%2`-Mercury-d%2`--d%2`-outboard-d%2`--d%2`-(g/HPhr)-d%2`- "}}"Wis.SIP-d%2`-Small"-d%2`--d%2`-outboard-d%2`--d%2`-(LBS/gal)-d%2`- '}y,'       '}y,'  Compound       '}y,'       )~}~,)Arsenic ~~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~}  )}~,)Benz(a)anthracene ~~~ 1.68E05 ~~ 1.68E05 ~~ 1.68E05 ~~ 1.68E05 ~~ 1.68E05 ~} 4.57E07 )}~,)Benzo(a)pyrene ~~~ 1.34E05 ~~ 1.34E05 ~~ 1.34E05 ~~ 1.34E05 ~~ 1.34E05 ~} 3.64E07 )}~,)Cd ~~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  )}~,)Cr ~~~ 3.00E05 ~~ 3.55E03 ~~ 2.25E03 ~~ 3.07E03 ~~ 3.19E03 ~} 4.98E05 )}~,)Chrysene ~~~ 2.74E05 ~~ 2.74E05 ~~ 2.74E05 ~~ 2.74E05 ~~ 2.74E05 ~} 7.44E07 )}~,)Co ~~~ 3.00E05 ~~ 3.55E03 ~~ 2.25E03 ~~ 3.07E03 ~~ 3.19E03 ~} 4.98E05 )}~,)Cu ~~~ 3.00E05 ~~ 3.55E03 ~~ 2.25E03 ~~ 3.07E03 ~~ 3.19E03 ~} 4.98E05 )}~,)1,2Dichloroethane ~~~  ~~ 1.24E01 ~~ 1.12E01 ~~ 5.90E02 ~~ 8.18E02 ~} 1.28E03 )}~,)Ethylbenzene ~~~ 4.74E02 ~~ 1.38E+00 ~~ 1.24E+00 ~~ 6.60E01 ~~ 9.10E01 ~} 1.42E02 )}~,)Fluoranthene ~~~ 1.41E04 ~~ 1.41E04 ~~ 1.41E04 ~~ 1.41E04 ~~ 1.41E04 ~} 3.84E06 )}~,)Pb ~~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  )}~,)Mnandcompounds ~~~ 3.00E05 ~~ 3.55E03 ~~ 2.25E03 ~~ 3.07E03 ~~ 3.19E03 ~} 4.98E05 )}~,)Hg ~~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  )}~,)Naphthalene ~~~ 4.08E03 ~~ 9.30E01 ~~ 8.40E01 ~~ 4.40E01 ~~ 6.15E01 ~} 9.60E03 )}~,)Niandcompounds ~~~ 3.00E05 ~~ 3.55E03 ~~ 2.25E03 ~~ 3.07E03 ~~ 3.19E03 ~} 4.98E05 )}~,)PAHs ~~~ 3.89E04 ~~ 3.98E04 ~~ 3.98E04 ~~ 3.98E04 ~~ 3.98E04 ~} 1.08E05 )}~,)particulatematter ~~~ 0.06 ~~ 7.1 ~~ 4.5 ~~ 6.13 ~~ 6.38 ~} 0.1 )}},)hydrocarbons ~}~ 6.68 }~ 186 }~ 168 }~ 88.6 }~ 123 }} 1.92XXX-\ `-Emissionsfortwostrokeenginesusethe"genericcarlike"fourstrokeemissionsasabasewhennobetteremissionfactorscouldbedetermined.SAEpaperNo.910560(White,CarrollandHare)presentshydrocarbonandparticulatematteremissionfactorsfora5HPwalkbehindmoweranda0.8HPstringtrimmer.SAEpaperNo.740735(Hare,SpringerandHuls)presentshydrocarbonandparticulatematteremissionfactorsforavarietyofsnowmobiles.The32HPArcticCat440(Kawasaki),runningatanaverageof6.4HPwasselectedtorepresentWisconsin'ssnowmobiles.SAEpaperNo.740735(Hare,SpringerandHuls)presentshydrocarbonemissionfactorsforavarietyoftwostrokeoutboardmotors.The65HPMercuryMarineenginewasselectedtorepresentWisconsin'soutboardmotors.TheaverageWisconsinboatmotoris55HP(WDNR1991).Whenemissionfactorsareneededpergallonofgasoline,thehydrocarbonfactorderivedfortheWisconsinOzoneSIPforhydrocarbonsfrom"small"outboardwasused.Foroutboardmotors,particulatematteremissionswerederivedassumingtheratioofparticulatemattertohydrocarbonswasthesameasthatofthesnowmobile.Itwasassumedthat100%ofhydrocarbonemissionsareVOC(WDNR1993).CARBparticulatematterandVOCspeciationprofileswereusedtoimprovethespecificengineemissionfactorsforethylbenzene,chromium,cobalt,copper,manganese,andnickel.Itwasassumedthatethylbenzeneemissionsareentirelyfromuncombustedfuel.Emissionsofnaphthaleneand1,2dichloroethanearefrom,orderivedfrom,gasolineevaporationdata(U.S.EPA1991).Foroutboardmotors,ethylbenzene,1,2dichloroethane,andnaphthaleneemissionsarereduced25%toaccountforwatercoolingemissionsthatmixintolakewateranddonotvolatilize. GLEIProtocolSection4.4ActivityandEmissionUnits Anextensivedatabaseof1990diesel,fourstroke,andtwostrokesmallengineuse(notincludingsnowmobilesorrecreationalmarine)inMilwaukee,Racine,Kenosha,andWashington,Ozaukee,andWaukeshacountieswaskindlymadeavailable(Lein).Equipmentpopulation,hoursofuseperyear,power,andloadfactorswereprovided.Thisinformationwasdisaggregatedtothecountylevelbasedonpopulationfraction.Noattemptwasmadetoincludepopulationgrowthfrom1990to1993,asthisfactorisbelowtheexpectedaccuracyofthedata.RecreationalmarineusewasdeterminedbyanextensivesurveyofWisconsinboatinghabits(WDNR1991).Thesamplesizewas53,559.Responsesregardingfuelpurchasedperyearandtimeonthewaterwasprovidedatthecountylevel.Emissionswerecalculatedusingbothpiecesofinformation;emissionsfromreportedusewereabouttwicetheemissionsfromreportedfuelpurchased.Theemissiontechniquebasedonreportedfuelpurchasedwasused,becauseitisconservative,andseemslesspronetoreportingerrors.Snowmobileuseisbasedontotalsnowmobilesregisteredinthestate,includingoutofstateowners(WDNR1995).Useisdisaggregatedtothecountylevelbasedontotalcounty,state,andfederalsupportedsnowmobiletrailmilespercounty.Theaveragesnowmobileisassumedtooperate60hoursperyear(SAENo.740735).Thisisincloseagreementwithindustryestimatesofanaverageof63gallonsofgasolineconsumedpersnowmobileperyear(Klim).Forbothtwoandfourstrokeengineinventories,emissionfactorsfromthemostsimilarlysizedengineofthesametypewereused. GLEIProtocolSection4.5ScaleupforMissingSources Noscaleupformissingsourcesisconsiderednecessary. XXX-d%2`-SampleCalculationsXXX-\ `- Thecalculationsappearsimple,becausemanydetailswerehandledwhencompilingtheemissionfactors.` ..`  .. Weightofpollutantj=Activityj*Efj XXX-d%2`-ResultsXXX-\ `- ̇ XXX-d%2`-EmissionsfromOffroadDieselEnginesXXX-\ `- -d%2`-* d,'9, , , , 0+  +}}~0T+  Compound }~ Kenosha }~ Milwaukee }~ Racine }} TOTAL +}~T+ ~ (pounds) ~ (pounds) ~ (pounds) } (pounds) +~}~~d+Arsenic ~~~ 0.59 ~~~ 4.40 ~~~ 0.80 ~~} 5.79 +}~~d+Benz(a)anthracene ~~ 0.20 ~~ 1.51 ~~ 0.28 ~} 1.99 +}~~d+Benzo(a)pyrene ~~ 0.02 ~~ 0.17 ~~ 0.03 ~} 0.22 +}~~d+Cadmium ~~ 2.49 ~~ 18.66 ~~ 3.40 ~} 24.55 +}~~d+Chromium ~~ 5.64 ~~ 42.22 ~~ 7.70 ~} 55.56 +}~~d+Chrysene ~~ 0.04 ~~ 0.32 ~~ 0.06 ~} 0.42 +}~~d+Cobalt ~~ 1.09 ~~ 8.17 ~~ 1.49 ~} 10.76 +}~~d+Copper ~~ 156 ~~ 1,168 ~~ 213 ~} 1,537 +}~~d+1,2Dichloroethane ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~d+Ethylbenzene ~~ 2,312 ~~ 17,300 ~~ 3,157 ~} 22,768 +}~~d+Fluoranthene ~~ 0.9 ~~ 6.8 ~~ 1.2 ~} 9.00 +}~~d+Lead ~~ 7.0 ~~ 52.1 ~~ 9.5 ~} 68.56 +}~~d+Manganese ~~ 0.9 ~~ 6.4 ~~ 1.2 ~} 8.43 +}~~d+Mercury ~~ 0.9 ~~ 7.0 ~~ 1.3 ~} 9.16 +}~~d+Naphthalene ~~ 10.2 ~~ 76.2 ~~ 13.9 ~} 100.25 +}~~d+Niandcompounds ~~ 144 ~~ 1,078 ~~ 197 ~} 1,419 +}~~d+PAHs ~~ 20.16 ~~ 150.90 ~~ 27.53 ~} 198.60 +}~~d+PM ~~ 37,207 ~~ 278,448 ~~ 50,807 ~} 366,462 +}}~+VOC }~ 3,852,728 }~ 28,832,868 }~ 5,260,986 }} 37,946,583XXX-d%2`- EmissionsfromTwostrokeEngines,NotIncludingRecreationalMarineorSnowmobile -d%2`-* d,'9, , , , 0+  +}}~0+  Compound }~ Kenosha }~ Milwaukee }~ Racine }} TOTAL +}~+ ~ (pounds) ~ (pounds) ~ (pounds) } (pounds) +~}~~+Benz(a)anthracene ~~~ 0.09 ~~~ 0.66 ~~~ 0.12 ~~} 0.87 +}~~+Benzo(a)pyrene ~~ 0.07 ~~ 0.53 ~~ 0.10 ~} 0.69 +}~~+Cadmium ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Chromium ~~ 16.24 ~~ 121.54 ~~ 22.18 ~} 159.96 +}~~+Chrysene ~~ 0.14 ~~ 1.07 ~~ 0.20 ~} 1.41 +}~~+Cobalt ~~ 16.24 ~~ 121.54 ~~ 22.18 ~} 159.96 +}~~+Copper ~~ 16.24 ~~ 121.54 ~~ 22.18 ~} 159.96 +}~~+1,2dichloroethane ~~ 354 ~~ 2,648 ~~ 483 ~} 3485 +}~~+Ethylbenzene ~~ 3,952 ~~ 29,577 ~~ 5,397 ~} 38,926 +}~~+Fluoranthene ~~ 0.74 ~~ 5.53 ~~ 1.01 ~} 7.27 +}~~+Lead ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Mnandcompounds ~~ 16.24 ~~ 121.54 ~~ 22.18 ~} 159.96 +}~~+Mercury ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Naphthalene ~~ 2,642 ~~ 19,774 ~~ 3,608 ~} 26,025 +}~~+Niandcompounds ~~ 16.24 ~~ 121.54 ~~ 22.18 ~} 159.96 +}~~+PAHs ~~ 2.08 ~~ 15.60 ~~ 2.85 ~} 20.53 +}~~+particulatematter ~~ 32,482 ~~ 243,090 ~~ 44,355 ~} 319,928 +}}~+hydrocarbons }~ 531,177 }~ 3,975,201 }~ 725,335 }} 5,231,713XXX-d%2`- EmissionsfromFourstrokeEngines,NotIncludingRecreationalMarineorSnowmobile -d%2`-* d,'9, , , , 0+  +}}~2+  Compound }~ Kenosha }~ Milwaukee }~ Racine }} TOTAL +}~+ ~ (pounds) ~ (pounds) ~ (pounds) } (POUNDS) +~}~~+Benz(a)anthracene ~~~ 0.25 ~~~ 1.90 ~~~ 0.35 ~~} 2.50 +}~~+Benzo(a)pyrene ~~ 0.20 ~~ 1.51 ~~ 0.28 ~} 1.99 +}~~+Cadmium ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Cr ~~ 1.29 ~~ 9.63 ~~ 1.76 ~} 12.68 +}~~+Chrysene ~~ 0.41 ~~ 3.09 ~~ 0.56 ~} 4.07 +}~~+Co ~~ 1.29 ~~ 9.63 ~~ 1.76 ~} 12.68 +}~~+Cu ~~ 1.29 ~~ 9.63 ~~ 1.76 ~} 12.68 +}~~+1,2dichloroethane ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Ethylbenzene ~~ 988 ~~ 7,394 ~~ 1,349 ~} 9,731 +}~~+Fluoranthene ~~ 2.13 ~~ 15.93 ~~ 2.91 ~} 20.96 +}~~+Lead ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Mnandcompounds ~~ 1.29 ~~ 9.63 ~~ 1.76 ~} 12.68 +}~~+Mercury ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Naphthalene ~~ 62.58 ~~ 460.83 ~~ 84.08 ~} 606.49 +}~~+Niandcompounds ~~ 1.29 ~~ 9.63 ~~ 1.76 ~} 12.68 +}~~+PAHs ~~ 6.01 ~~ 44.95 ~~ 8.20 ~} 59.16 +}~~+particulatematter ~~ 2,575 ~~ 19,270 ~~ 3,516 ~} 25,361 +}}~+hydrocarbons }~ 134,723 }~ 1,008,236 }~ 183,968 }} 1,326,927 XXX-d%2`-EmissionsfromTwostrokeRecreationalMarine -d%2`-* d,'9,L , , ,  0+  +}}~0+  Compound }~ Kenosha }~ Milwaukee }~ Racine }} TOTAL +}~+ ~ (pounds) ~ (pounds) ~ (pounds) } (pounds) +~}~~+Benz(a)anthracene ~~~ 0.11 ~~~ 0.03 ~~~ 0.08 ~~} 0.23 +}~~+Benzo(a)pyrene ~~ 0.09 ~~ 0.03 ~~ 0.07 ~} 0.18 +}~~+Cadmium ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Chromium ~~ 12.11 ~~ 3.80 ~~ 9.16 ~} 25.07 +}~~+Chrysene ~~ 0.18 ~~ 0.06 ~~ 0.14 ~} 0.37 +}~~+Cobalt ~~ 12.11 ~~ 3.80 ~~ 9.16 ~} 25.07 +}~~+Copper ~~ 12.11 ~~ 3.80 ~~ 9.16 ~} 25.07 +}~~+1,2Dichloroethane ~~ 311 ~~ 97 ~~ 235 ~} 643 +}~~+Ethylbenzene ~~ 3,458 ~~ 1,084 ~~ 2,615 ~} 7,157 +}~~+Fluoranthene ~~ 0.93 ~~ 0.29 ~~ 0.71 ~} 1.93 +}~~+Lead ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Mnandcompounds ~~ 12.11 ~~ 3.80 ~~ 9.16 ~} 25.07 +}~~+Mercury ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Naphthalene ~~ 2336.48 ~~ 732.57 ~~ 1766.56 ~} 4,836 +}~~+Niandcompounds ~~ 12.11 ~~ 3.80 ~~ 9.16 ~} 25.07 +}~~+PAHs ~~ 2.63 ~~ 0.82 ~~ 1.99 ~} 5.44 +}~~+particulatematter ~~ 24,229 ~~ 7,597 ~~ 18,319 ~} 50,145 +}}~ +hydrocarbons }~ 467,297 }~ 146,514 }~ 353,311 }} 967,122XXX-d%2`- EmissionsfromFourstrokeRecreationalMarine -d%2`-* d,'9,L , , ,  0+  +}}~0+  Compound }~ Kenosha }~ Milwaukee }~ Racine }} TOTAL +}~+ ~ (pounds) ~ (pounds) ~ (pounds) } (pounds) +~}~~+Benz(a)anthracene ~~~ 0.15 ~~~ 0.23 ~~~ 0.18 ~~} 0.56 +}~~+Benzo(a)pyrene ~~ 0.12 ~~ 0.18 ~~ 0.14 ~} 0.44 +}~~+Cadmium ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Chromium ~~ 0.27 ~~ 0.40 ~~ 0.32 ~} 1.00 +}~~+Chrysene ~~ 0.25 ~~ 0.37 ~~ 0.29 ~} 0.91 +}~~+Cobalt ~~ 0.27 ~~ 0.40 ~~ 0.32 ~} 1.00 +}~~+Copper ~~ 0.27 ~~ 0.40 ~~ 0.32 ~} 1.00 +}~~+1,2Dichloroethane ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Ethylbenzene ~~ 428 ~~ 637 ~~ 511 ~} 1,575 +}~~+Fluoranthene ~~ 1.28 ~~ 1.90 ~~ 1.52 ~} 4.70 +}~~+Lead ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Mnandcompounds ~~ 0.27 ~~ 0.40 ~~ 0.32 ~} 1.00 +}~~+Mercury ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Naphthalene ~~ 36.77 ~~ 54.75 ~~ 43.90 ~} 135.42 +}~~+Niandcompounds ~~ 0.27 ~~ 0.40 ~~ 0.32 ~} 1.00 +}~~+PAHs ~~ 3.59 ~~ 5.34 ~~ 4.28 ~} 13.21 +}~~+particulatematter ~~ 541 ~~ 806 ~~ 646 ~} 1,993 +}}~+hydrocarbons }~ 60,244 }~ 89,696 }~ 71,921 }} 221,861 XXX-d%2`-SnowmobileEmissions -d%2`-* d,'9,e , , , 0+  +}}~0+  Compound }~ Kenosha }~ Milwaukee }~ Racine }} TOTAL +}~+ ~ (pounds) ~ (pounds) ~ (pounds) } (pounds) +~}~~+Benz(a)anthracene ~~~ 0.01 ~~~ 0.002 ~~~ 0.02 ~~} 0.04 +}~~+Benzo(a)pyrene ~~ 0.01 ~~ 0.002 ~~ 0.02 ~} 0.03 +}~~+Cadmium ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Chromium ~~ 2.3 ~~ 0.3 ~~ 4.0 ~} 6.66 +}~~+Chrysene ~~ 0.02 ~~ 0.003 ~~ 0.04 ~} 0.06 +}~~+Cobalt ~~ 2.3 ~~ 0.3 ~~ 4.0 ~} 6.66 +}~~+Copper ~~ 2.3 ~~ 0.3 ~~ 4.0 ~} 6.66 +}~~+1,2Dichloroethane ~~ 44.9 ~~ 6.7 ~~ 76.6 ~} 128.14 +}~~+Ethylbenzene ~~ 502.0 ~~ 75.0 ~~ 856.4 ~} 1,433 +}~~+Fluoranthene ~~ 0.1 ~~ 0.02 ~~ 0.2 ~} 0.31 +}~~+Lead ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Mnandcompounds ~~ 2.3 ~~ 0.3 ~~ 4.0 ~} 6.66 +}~~+Mercury ~~  ~~  ~~  ~}  +}~~+Naphthalene ~~ 334.7 ~~ 50.0 ~~ 570.9 ~} 955.61 +}~~+Niandcompounds ~~ 2.3 ~~ 0.3 ~~ 4.0 ~} 6.66 +}~~+PAHs ~~ 0.3 ~~ 0.05 ~~ 0.5 ~} 0.88 +}~~+particulatematter ~~ 4,663 ~~ 697 ~~ 7,954 ~} 13,313 +}}~+hydrocarbons }~ 67,393 }~ 10,073 }~ 114,960 }} 192,425 XXX-d%2`-TotalEmissionsfromAllNonroadEngines -d%2`-* Sd,0,e,,,0+  '}}0S'  Compound }~~ Kenosha }~ Milwaukee }~ Racine }} TOTAL )}~c) ~~~ (pounds) ~~ (pounds) ~~ (pounds) ~} (pounds) )}~c)Arsenic ~~~ 0.6 ~~ 4.4 ~~ 0.8 ~} 5.8 )}~c)Benz(a)anthracene ~~~ 0.8 ~~ 4.3 ~~ 1.0 ~} 6.2 )}~c)Benzo(a)pyrene ~~~ 0.5 ~~ 2.4 ~~ 0.6 ~} 3.6 )}~c)Cd ~~~ 2.5 ~~ 18.7 ~~ 3.4 ~} 25 )}~c)Cr ~~~ 37.9 ~~ 177.9 ~~ 45.1 ~} 261 )}~c)Chrysene ~~~ 1.0 ~~ 4.9 ~~ 1.3 ~} 7.3 )}~c)Co ~~~ 33.3 ~~ 143.9 ~~ 38.9 ~} 216 )}~c)Cu ~~~ 188.3 ~~ 1,303.4 ~~ 250.5 ~} 1,742 )}~c)1,2dichlorethane ~~~ 709.6 ~~ 2,752.1 ~~ 794.8 ~} 4,256 )}~c)Ethylbenzene ~~~ 11,639.5 ~~ 56,066.6 ~~ 13,884.0 ~} 81,590 )}~c)Fluoranthene ~~~ 6.1 ~~ 30.5 ~~ 7.6 ~} 44 )}~c)Pb ~~~ 7.0 ~~ 52.1 ~~ 9.5 ~} 69 )}~c)Mn ~~~ 33.1 ~~ 142.1 ~~ 38.6 ~} 214 )}~c)Hg ~~~ 0.9 ~~ 7.0 ~~ 1.3 ~} 9.2 )}~c)Naphthalene ~~~ 5,422.0 ~~ 21,148.7 ~~ 6,087.5 ~} 32,658 )}~c)Niandcompounds ~~~ 176.3 ~~ 1,213.6 ~~ 234.1 ~} 1,624 )}~c)PAHs ~~~ 34.8 ~~ 217.7 ~~ 45.4 ~} 298 )}~c)PM ~~~ 101,697.2 ~~ 549,907.1 ~~ 125,597.2 ~} 777,202 )}})HC ~}~ 5,113,563.0 }~ 34,062,588.6 }~ 6,710,480.3 }} 45,886,632XXX-d%2`- References XXX-\ `-(Lein).UnpublishedData.WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources,BureauofAirManagement.VickiLein,1995.(WDNR)DevelopmentofModelNonroadEngineReplacementProgramsforLawnandGardenEquipmentandRecreationalMarineEngines󀄀U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencySection105StateAirGrantFunds,MarketBasedIncentivesProgram.WisconsinDNR,BureauofAirManagement.September,1994.(WDNR).DocumentationReportfor1990BaseYearStateImplementationPlanEmissionInventoryforPrecursorsofOzone.StateofWisconsin,DepartmentofNaturalResources,DivisionofEnvironmentalQuality,BureauofAirManagement.July,1993.(CARB).IdentificationofVolatileOrganicCompoundSpeciesProfilesARBSpeciationManual,2ndEdition.StateofCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.August,1991.(CARB).IdentificationofParticulateMatterSpeciesProfilesARBSpeciationManual,2ndEdition.StateofCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.August,1991.(SAE)SnowmobileEngineEmissionsandTheirImpact.HareCT,SpringerKJ,HulsTA.SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers,PaperNumber740735.1974.(SAE)ExhaustEmissionsfrom2StrokeOutboardMotorsandTheirImpact.HareCT,SpringerKJ,HulsTA.SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers,PaperNumber740737.1974.(SAE)DutyCycleforRecreationalMarineEngines.MorganEJ,LincolnRH.SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers,PaperNumber901596.1990.(SAE)MeasurementandAnalysisofGaseousExhaustEmissionsfromRecreationalandSmallCommercialMarineCraft.CoatesSW,LassanskeGG.SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers,PaperNumber901597.1991.(SAE)EmissionFactorsforSmallUtilityEngines.WhiteJJ,CarrollJN,HareCT,LourencoJG.SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers,PaperNumber910560.1991.(SAE)UnregulatedMotorVehicleExhaustGasComponents.SchuermannD,LiesKH,KlingenbergH.SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers,PaperNumber902116.1990.(SAE)TheCompositionofGasolineHydrocarbonEmissions,anEvaluationofCatalystandFuelEffects."PelzN,DempsterNM,HundlebyGE,ShorePR.SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers,PaperNumber902074.1990(SAE)AnInvestigationintotheProductionofHydrocarbonemissionsfromaGasolineEngineTestedonChemicallyDefinedFuels.DempsterNM,ShorePR.SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers,PaperNumber900354.1990.(WDNR)19891990WisconsinRecreationalBoatingStudy,includingthesurveyresponsedatadatabaseforfuelconsumptiondata.WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources,BureauofResearch.March1991.(WDNR)BoaterAttitudesandExperiencesResultsofthe19891990WisconsinRecreationalBoatingStudy,Phase2.TechnicalBulletinNo.180,DepartmentofNaturalResources,MadisonWisconsin.1992.(WDNR)ReactivityofExhaustEmissionsfromasmalltwostrokeengineandasmallfourstrokeengineoperatingonGasolineandLPG.HareCT,CarrollJN.SAEpaperNo.931540.1993.(SwRI)SpeciationofOrganicEmissionstoStudyFuelDependenceofSmallEngineExhaustPhotochemicalReactivityFinalReport.HareCT,CarrollJN,LatusekJP,BurrahmRW.SouthwestResearchInstitutepaperNo.9702.July,1993.(SAE)MeasurementsofToxicExhaustEmissionsfromGasolinePoweredLightDutyVehicles.WarnerSelphMA,DeVitaJ.SAEpaperNo.892075.1989.(U.S.EPA)TechnicalGuidanceStageIIVaporRecoverySystemsforControlofVehicleRefuelingEmissionsatGasolineDispensingFacilities.U.S.EPAEPA450/391022a.November1991.(RADIAN)CompilationofAirEmissionFactorsforPetroleumDistributionandRetailMarketingFacilitiesSecondDraft.PreparedfortheAmericanPetroleumInstitute.RadianCorporation.February1995.(Mele)PollutingforPleasure.Mele,Andre.WWNorton&Company.NewYork.1993(U.S.EPA)NonroadEngineandVehicleEmissionStudyReport.U.S.EPA.PB92126960.November1991.(U.S.EPA)MotorVehicleRelatedAirToxicsStudy.U.S.EPA.EPA420R93005.April1993.EdKlim,InternationalSnowmobileManufacturingAssociation,EastLansing,Michigan.PersonalCommunication,6/21/95.(Lein)Small,Nonroad,TwoStroke,SparkIgnitionEngines.Lein,VickiJ.UnpublishedManuscript.1994(WDNR)MemorandumfromLarryFreidigCA/8WisconsinDNRAug.31994toDanDrager.Subject:AllotmentsforSnowmobile,AllterrainVehicleandMotorcycleTrailsoStateProperty.FILEREF:8700(WDNR)DatabaseN72012ASnowmobileCountbyCounty.FromLarryFreidig,BureauofCommunityAssistance,WisconsinDNR.6/15/95..(WDOD)SnowmobileTrailMapWisconsinWisconsinDepartmentofDevelopment,DivisionofTourism.June,1993. XXX-d%2`-EvaluationofProtocolandRecommendationsXXX-\ `- Theprotocolissatisfactoryforthecalculationofemissionsfromnonroadengines.Thedifficultyisalackofacceptedemissionfactorsandacceptedaveragedutycyclesfortheseengines.ThebestconservativecalculationsusedindevelopingWisconsinsportionoftheregionalinventoryindicatethatemissionsfromthissourceareworthconsideration.Moreinvestigationandresearchaboutemissionsfromsmallengines(andinternalcombustionenginesingeneral),aswellasthetypicalconditionsunderwhichtheseenginesoperate,isindicated.  XXX-d%2`-RESULTSXXX-\ `- ThecompleteresultsforWisconsinaresummarizedinTablesC1,C2andC3beginningonpage270.ThetableslistemissionssortedbySICandpollutant(inpounds)forKenosha,Milwaukee,andRacinecounties,respectively.TableC4liststhetotalemissionsofeachpollutantbycountyandforthethreecountyarea. XXX-d%2`-IMPLICATIONSFORTHEPROTOCOLXXX-\ `- XXX-d%2`-SmallPointSourcesXXX-\ `- Toxicemissionestimatesaremadebysources,thenreportedtotheWisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources(WDNR).Sourcesarerequiredtoreportactual,annualemissionsinlb/yr,andidentifythemethodusedtomaketheestimate.TheWDNRdoesnotmakeitsownestimatesoftoxicemissionsforpointsources,exceptinaqualitycontrolcapacity. XXX-d%2`-IssuesXXX-\ `- 1)0..Differentstateshavedifferentreportingrequirements;Wisconsinhasaccesstomoredataduetostricterlegislation.ThedatageneratedasaresultofthestricterreportingrequirementisinvaluableinunderstandingtheaffectthatsmallersourceshaveonWisconsinsenvironmentalloading.2)0..Whilethedatafromsmallpointsourcesisvaluable,thereisstillaquestionaboutpollutantsgeneratedfromthesesourcesbelowthereportinglimit.Inaggregate,smallemissionsfromallsmallpointsourcescouldbesignificant. XXX-d%2`-LandfillsXXX-\ `- Comprehensiveinformationonlandfillsitesthathaveclosedupto60yearsagodoesnotexist,yettheyemitgas,aswellascontributingtowaterleaching.Itisimpossibletoknowwhatisinoldsites,andverydifficulttodeterminewhatisgoingintopresentdaylandfills.Usingemissionfactors(AP42)formethanecombustionisunsatisfactoryfortotallandfillemissions.Amajorsourceofairtoxicsfromlandfillsitesmaybefromthevolatilizationofsolventandpetroleumwastes.Metalsmaybeairborneindustgeneratedbywindandearthmovingequipment.Emissionsarehighlydependentonthecontentofthewaste,whichislargelyunknown. XXX-d%2`-ResidentialWoodburningXXX-\ `- InordertocompilethemostextensiveestimateofemissionsduetoresidentialwoodburninginWisconsin,thestatesmethodsdeviatedfromtheprotocolinthatallAMScodeswereapplied,inorderofrelevance,whencalculatingemissions. XXX-d%2`-IssuesXXX-\ `- 1)0..WisconsinusedSCC10300903,IndustrialWoodFiredBoilers,toprovideemissionfactorswhennobetteremissionfactorexisted.Residentialwoodstoveemissionfactorswereappliedtofireplacecombustionprocesseswhennobetteremissionfactorexisted.Thistechniquewasnotdescribedintheprotocol,butiswidelyusedintheWDNR.Wisconsinofficialsfeltthatincludingthiscompositeofprocessrelatedemissionfactorsresultsinthemostcompleteestimatesofemissionsfromresidentialwoodusepossible.Theyrecommendthatotherstatesfollowthisprocedureofincludingemissionfactorsderivedforrelatedprocessesforresidentialwoodburning,andpossiblyinothercases,ifthesituationwarrants.2)0..Wisconsinhasextensivewoodcombustionsurveydataavailable.Dataquantifyingresidentialwoodfuelusemaybelimitedordifficulttolocateinotherstates.InWisconsin,residentialwoodburningisacontributortolocalairpollution.Wisconsinofficialsrecommendthatotherstatesinvestigatetheopportunitytoobtaindataforresidentialwoodburningandtoincludethissourceintheirtoxicemissioninventory. XXX-d%2`-DryCleaningOperationsXXX-\ `- NogenericemissionfactorswereavailableinFIREtocalculatePERCemissionsbasedonPERCconsumptiondata.EmissionestimateswereproducedbasedonemissionfactorsderivedfromEPAinformationonthetypeofmachine,controltypeandamountofPERCconsumption.̇ XXX-d%2`-GasolineServiceStations IssuesXXX-\ `- 1)0..Wisconsinhasdevelopedadatabaseofgasstationsinozonenonattainmentcounties,basedonaStatenotificationrequirement.Thedataincludednameofstation,location,facilitycontacts,andaveragemonthlysalesofunleadedgasolinefora24monthperiodcovering1991and1992.Thisinformationwasinvaluableinunderstandingtheroleofgasolineservicestationsonenvironmentalloading.Note:Wisconsindidnotincludetankbreathinglossesinthispilot.Itwasexpectedthattheselosseswillbeworthyofconsideration,andthissourceofemissionswillbeincludedinthenextphaseoftheproject. XXX-d%2`-NonroadEnginesXXX-\ `- Theprotocolistechnicallysatisfactoryforthecalculationofemissionsfromnonroadengines.Greatdifficultyliesinalackofacceptedemissionfactorsandacceptedaveragedutycyclesfortheseengines.Wisconsinsbestconservativecalculationsindicatethatemissionsfromthissourcearewellworthconsideration. XXX-d%2`-IssuesXXX-\ `- 1)0..Emissionfactorsformostofthe49pollutantswerenotavailablethroughU.S.EPA.Scientificpapers,CARBParticulateSpeciationProfilesandVOCSpeciationProfileswereusedwhenemissionfactorswerenotavailable.Fortwostrokeengines,informationfromU.S.EPAStageIIvehiclerefuelingwasusedtodeterminenaphthaleneand1,2dichloroethane. X 2)0..Determiningthepopulationofengines,andamountofuse,ischallenging.Often,anenginewilloperateinadifferentlocationthanwheretheengineisregistered.Voluntaryquestionnairesofrecreationalusearepronetowideerrors,comparedtodifferentmeasuresofuse. H 3)0..Onesurprisingresultwasthatatwostrokeengines(suchasonawalkbehindlawnmower,outboardmotororsnowmobile)arevery dirty.Suchenginesexhaust2535%ofthegasolineusedasuncombustedfuel. -d%2`-TableC1:0` ..` KenoshaCountyWI,EmissionsbySIC XXX-d%2`-* d,|,/,X,&,?,,?,?,?,N,9+  ""   -d%2`-SICCode  TOTAL ""  Compound(POUNDS) ~~ 3931 ~~ 4911 ~~ 4952 ~~ 4953 ~~ 5541 ~~ 7211 ~~ 8221 ~~~ 9999  (pounds) '~~'1 ~~ Arsenic ~~  ~~ 112 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 1.83 ~~~ 114 '~~'2 ~~ Atrazine ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'3 ~~ Benz(a)anthracene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 1.55E05 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 14.78 ~~~ 15 '~~'4 ~~ Benzo(a)pyrene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 2.83E05 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 84.37 ~~~ 84 '~~'5 ~~ Cadmium ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 2.78 ~~~ 3 '~~'6 ~~ Carbontetrachloride ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 1.80E01 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~ 1.8E01 '~~'7 ~~ Chlordane ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'8 ~~ Chromium ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 37.90 ~~~ 38 '~~'9 ~~ ChromeVI ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.64 ~~~ 0.64 '~~'10 ~~ Chrysene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 7.35E03 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 140.79 ~~~ 141 '~~'11 ~~ Cobalt ~~  ~~ 55 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 35.12 ~~~ 90 '~~'12 ~~ Cokeovenemiss. ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'13 ~~ Copper ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ Ѐ193.05 ~~~ 193 '~~'14 ~~ 1,2Dichloroethane ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 99.5 ~~  ~~  ~~ 709.60 ~~~ 809 '~~'15 ~~ Diethylhexylphthalate ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'16 ~~ Dinbutylphthalate ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'17 ~~ Dinoctylphthalate ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'18 ~~ Dioxins;2378Equiv ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'19 ~~ Ethylbenzene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 751.5 ~~  ~~  ~~ 11,640 ~~~ 12,391 '~~'20 ~~ Fluoranthene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 1.80E01 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 117.93 ~~~ 118 '~~'21 ~~ Heptachlor ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'22 ~~ Hexachlorobenzene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'23 ~~ Hexachlorobutadiene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'24 ~~ Hexachloroethane ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'25 ~~ Lead ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 22.38 ~~~ 22 '~~'26 ~~ AlkylatedPbcompounds ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'27 ~~ Manganese&compounds ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 35.06 ~~~ 35 '~~'28 ~~ Mercury ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.99 ~~~ 1 '~~'29 ~~ Methoxychlor ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'30 ~~ MethyleneChloride ~~  ~~  ~~ 723.6 ~~ 53.2 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~ 777 '~~'31 ~~ Naphthalene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 2.48 ~~ 3757 ~~  ~~  ~~ 7,435 ~~~ 11,192 '~~'32 ~~ Nickel&compounds ~~  ~~ 211 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 176.58 ~~~ 388 '~~'33 ~~ Parathion ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'34 ~~ Pentachloronitrobenzene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'35 ~~ Pentachlorophenol ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'36 ~~ phenol ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 111.83 ~~~ 112 '~~'37 ~~ PCBs ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 1.51E02 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~ 1.51E02 '~~'38 ~~ PCDDs ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.04 ~~~ 0.04 '~~'39 ~~ PCDFs ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.22 ~~~ 0.22 '~~'40 ~~ PAHs ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 7,024 ~~~ 7,024 '~~'41 ~~ POM ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.0551 ~~ 22.36 ~~~ 22 '~~'42 ~~ TCDD2378 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 3.52E05 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 2.1E04 ~~~ 2.50E04 '~~'43 ~~ TCDF2378 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 4.37E04 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 6.2E03 ~~~ 0.01 '~~'44 ~~ Tetrachloroethylene(PERC) ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 8.63E01 ~~  ~~ 20,833 ~~  ~~  ~~~ 20,833 '~~'45 ~~ Trichlorethene ~~ 6,680 ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.312 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~ 6,680 '~~'46 ~~ 111trichloroethane ~~ 15,919 ~~  ~~  ~~ 2.53 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~ 15,921 '~~'47 ~~ 245trichlorophenol ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'48 ~~ 246trichlorophenol ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  )~~~)49 ~~~ Trifluralin ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~~ XXX-d%2`-Կ -d%2`-TableC2:MilwaukeeCountyWI,EmissionsbySIC XXX-d%2`-* d,~,0,,,,,,,,,+  ""    -d%2`-SICCode "" ~ Compound(POUNDS) ~~~ 2099 ~~~ 2434 ~~~ 2541 ~~~ 2671 ~~~ 2752 ~~~ 2816 ~~~ 2851 ~~~ 2869 ~~~~ 2891 '~~'1 ~ Arsenic ~ 7.6E06 ~  ~  ~  ~  ~  ~  ~  ~~  '~~'2 ~~ Atrazine ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'3 ~~ Benz(a)anthracene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'4 ~~ Benzo(a)pyrene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'5 ~~ Cadmium ~~ 1.92E05 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'6 ~~ Carbontetrachloride ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'7 ~~ Chlordane ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'8 ~~ Chromium ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'9 ~~ ChromeVI ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 21.45 ~~ 1.0 ~~  ~~~  '~~'10 ~~ Chrysene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'11 ~~ Cobalt ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'12 ~~ Cokeovenemiss. ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'13 ~~ Copper ~~ 5.10E04 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'14 ~~ 1,2Dichloroethane ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'15 ~~ Diethylhexylphthalate ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'16 ~~ Dinbutylphthalate ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'17 ~~ Dinoctylphthalate ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'18 ~~ Dioxins;2378Equiv ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'19 ~~ Ethylbenzene ~~  ~~  ~~ 1.0 ~~ 43.1 ~~ 1,342 ~~  ~~ 6,212 ~~  ~~~  '~~'20 ~~ Fluoranthene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'21 ~~ Heptachlor ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'22 ~~ Hexachlorobenzene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'23 ~~ Hexachlorobutadiene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'24 ~~ Hexachloroethane ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'25 ~~ Lead ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'26 ~~ AlkylatedPbcompounds ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'27 ~~ Manganese&compounds ~~ 7E07 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'28 ~~ Mercury ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'29 ~~ Methoxychlor ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'30 ~~ MethyleneChloride ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 83.0 ~~  ~~  ~~ 13,537 ~~~ 6,490 '~~'31 ~~ Naphthalene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'32 ~~ Nickel&compounds ~~ 3.09E04 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'33 ~~ Parathion ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'34 ~~ Pentachloronitrobenzene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'35 ~~ Pentachlorophenol ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'36 ~~ phenol ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'37 ~~ PCBs ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'38 ~~ PCDDs ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'39 ~~ PCDFs ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'40 ~~ PAHs ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'41 ~~ POM ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'42 ~~ TCDD2378 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'43 ~~ TCDF2378 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'44 ~~ Tetrachloroethylene(PERC) ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'45 ~~ Trichlorethene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~ 1,151 '~~'46 ~~ 111trichloroethane ~~  ~~ 15,984 ~~ 356 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 76 ~~  ~~~ 7,015 '~~'47 ~~ 245trichlorophenol ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'48 ~~ 246trichlorophenol ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  )~~~)49 ~~~ Trifluralin ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~  ~~~~ XXX-d%2`-Կ -d%2`-TableC2:MilwaukeeCountyWI,EmissionsbySICXXX-d%2`- * d,~,0, ,,?,,,,,,+  ""-d%2`-    SICCode ""  Compound(POUNDS) ~~ 2951 ~~ 3089 ~~ 3321 ~~ 3325 ~~ 3351 ~~ 3412 ~~ 3441 ~~ 3442 ~~~ 3449 '~~'1 ~~ Arsenic ~~  ~~  ~~ 66.43 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'2 ~~ Atrazine ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'3 ~~ Benz(a)anthracene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'4 ~~ Benzo(a)pyrene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 0.16 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'5 ~~ Cadmium ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'6 ~~ Carbontetrachloride ~~  ~~ 0.5 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'7 ~~ Chlordane ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'8 ~~ Chromium ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'9 ~~ ChromeVI ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'10 ~~ Chrysene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'11 ~~ Cobalt ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 1.09 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'12 ~~ Cokeovenemiss. ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'13 ~~ Copper ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 1.5E03 ~~ 1,264 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'14 ~~ 1,2Dichloroethane ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'15 ~~ Diethylhexylphthalate ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'16 ~~ Dinbutylphthalate ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'17 ~~ Dinoctylphthalate ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'18 ~~ Dioxins;2378Equiv ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'19 ~~ Ethylbenzene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 60 ~~  ~~~  '~~'20 ~~ Fluoranthene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'21 ~~ Heptachlor ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'22 ~~ Hexachlorobenzene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'23 ~~ Hexachlorobutadiene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'24 ~~ Hexachloroethane ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'25 ~~ Lead ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'26 ~~ AlkylatedPbcompounds ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'27 ~~ Manganese&compounds ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 93.84 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'28 ~~ Mercury ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'29 ~~ Methoxychlor ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'30 ~~ MethyleneChloride ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~ 8,867 ~~  ~~ 10,500 ~~~  '~~'31 ~~ Naphthalene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'32 ~~ Nickel&compounds ~~  ~~ 25.6 ~~ 400 ~~ 503.61 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'33 ~~ Parathion ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'34 ~~ Pentachloronitrobenzene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'35 ~~ Pentachlorophenol ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'36 ~~ phenol ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'37 ~~ PCBs ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'38 ~~ PCDDs ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'39 ~~ PCDFs ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'40 ~~ PAHs ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'41 ~~ POM ~~ 65.9 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'42 ~~ TCDD2378 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'43 ~~ TCDF2378 ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'44 ~~ Tetrachloroethylene(PERC) ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~  '~~'45 ~~ Trichlorethene ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~  ~~~ 6,424 '~~'46 ~~ 111trichloroethane ~~  ~~  ~