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 !"#$%&'()**+,-./01234567889:;;<=>?@@ABBCCCDDDDEEJJJJJJJIIIIHHHGGGFFFEEDCCBA@@??>==<;::987655432210/.--,+*)('&%$#"!! _>41KNCc_xsNSxjihhgggffeeedddccccccbbbbbbbbbbbbbccccddde~e}e|f|f{fzgzgyhyhxiwivjvkultlsmsnsnroroqpqqprprosotounvnwmxmymzm{l|l}l~lllllllllllmmmmnnnoooppqqrrssttuvwwxxyz{|}~~}|{zyxwvuutssrqqpoonnmlkkjnopqrrsstuvwwxyz{|}~~~}||{zyyxwwvvuutttsssrrrrqqqqqqq~q~r}r|r{rzrysxswsvtuttttusurvqvqwpwpxoxnymzl{l|k|k}j~jjiiiihhhhhhggggggghhhhhhiiijjjkkllmmnn}a[Z?:[``}.=C)stnlrggggggggffffeeeddccbbaa`__^^]\[ZZYXWWVUUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA@?>=<<;::9877654432211077889:;<=>??@AABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRRSTTUVVWWXXYZ[[\\]]^^^___````aaaaaaaaaaa````___^^]]\\[[ZZYXWWVVUTSRQPPONMLKJIHGFFEDCBA@?>=<;:988776544332+,,,---..//0011223344556677899:;;<=>>?@ABBCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTTUVVWXXYZ[[\\]^^__``aabbcccdddeeeffffggggg94  -- "-- "Systemn-    F#AZ8Humanst521 Cn BT Regular(EGMSY_ekqAutoList621)1)1)1)1)1)1)1) !  _XH &%XX &5%%&8 dd8    -X,` XX-#&%% &5w#w  ? %&`Ě ?BallastWaterManagementand x  AquaticNuisanceSpecies#? `Ě# #&% ?f#X0X%&  qQa=-)`~0{  `h E { { q $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$pQc<,(`~0  `E   C rp $$ $$ $$   A!f) dE A      $$ `XXXX0#`&Ҕ%X`X8#`Ě%`&ҔSettingaResearchAgenda    $$$$fortheGreatLakes #? `Ě##&% ?#X0X%& 0  gX0XXX0#g&%XgX0#g%g&FindingsandRecommendationsfrom  ЀaSymposiumSponsoredbythe  GreatLakesPanelonAquaticNuisanceSpecies#g&%g #gX0X%g& < #g&%XgX0#g %g&March2000#g&%g <#gX0X%g&#X0XXgX0# : `XXXX0 #`&Ҕ%X`XՈ#`/ %`&ҔPreparedby:# `/ #  ^"  g  GreatLakesCommission #!  400FourthSt. $V"! AnnArbor,MI48103 r%#" 7346659135 6&## glc@greatlakes.net# g # &$$  `/  Fundedby:# `/ #  F)&'  k&.  # k&. #g  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency *x() # g I #g  qQh=-)`~0@- `E @-9 ,_,qGreatLakesNationalProgramOffice# g ##&% , # &5%%&  +<)* #&%% &5 #X0X%&wX 9X,` XX,` X9  X#XXX0BallastWaterManagementandAquaticNuisanceSpecies:  AResearchAgendafortheGreatLakes#X0X#X XԤ #  l  X#XXX0ExecutiveSummary#X0X#X Xu# @   H #&%XX0 #InApril1999theGreatLakesPanelonAquaticNuisanceSpeciessponsoredasymposiumtitledBallastWater   ManagementandAquaticNuisanceSpecies:SettingaResearchAgendafortheGreatLakes.Symposium  X participantsreviewedcurrentapproachestoballastwatermanagement,assessedprospectivetechnologiesand  0 managementapproaches,andestablishassociatedresearchpriorities.Thepurposeofthesymposiumwasto    providetheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,GreatLakesNationalProgramOffice(whichfundedthe d   effort)andotheragenciesandorganizationsworkingontheballastwaterissuewithspecificrecommendations <  tohelpguidethecollectiveeffort,includingprioritiesforallocatingresearchfunding.Usinginputreceivedat   thesymposium,PanelsupportstaffattheGreatLakesCommissiondevelopeddetailedfindingsand h  recommendations.Thismaterialwasreviewedandrankedbysymposiumparticipantsandmembersofthe @  GreatLakesPanel.Thefollowingisabriefsummaryofthemajorfindingsandassociatedrecommendations.   ThecompletefindingsandrecommendationsareavailableonthePanels_webpage_ԀontheGreatLakes t  InformationNetwork(www.glc.org/ans/anspanel.html),alongwiththesymposiumprogram,narrative L summary,andattendeeslist. $ H A(pO83 AssessingtheSafety,EffectivenessandCostsofBallastExchange : Ballastexchangeisinadequatefor P preventingANSinvasionsviaballastwater.Itwilllikelyremaininuseforsometime,however,andmay , ultimatelybecombinedwithothermanagementapproachesandtechnologies.Theimpacts,effectivenessand  safetyofballastexchangedneedtobebetterunderstood. `  Recommendations:    D(*88A"3"  3q2*  1  )3  0    Developvesseldesignstandardstoensuresafeballastwaterexchange.3q݌d$$ Ќ  "3"  32*  2  )3  0    Improvemethodsforconfirmingballastwaterexchange.3݌<$$ Ќ  "3"  32*  3  )3  0    Evaluatealternativeapproachestoballastwaterexchange.3݌$$ Ќ  "3"  32*  4  )3  0    Determinetheeffectsofballastexchangeondifferentclassesofships.3݌p$$ Ќ  ! ! E(O88D AddressingVesselswithNoBallastonBoard :AmajorityofvesselsenteringtheGreatLakesSt.Lawrence   Riversystemreportnoballastonboard(_NOBOB_)andarenotrequiredtoconductopenoceanballast x  exchange.TheystillcarryresidualslopandsedimentintheirballasttanksthatmaybeasourceofANS P! introductions,however,makingthisapriorityfortheGreatLakesregion.  ("  Recommendations:  \"$ ! ! F(88E"3"  3 2  1  )3  0    Evaluatethecostsandtechnicalfeasibilityof_shoreside_Ԁfacilitiestotreatballastwater,including_NOBOB_ 4#% vessels.3 / ݌ $ &$$ Ќ  "3"  3!2  2  )3  0    Carefullyconsidertheenvironmentalandsafetyimpactsofchemicaltreatmentoptions.3!!݌$`!'$$ Ќ   G(88F"3"  3:#2  3  )3  0    Examineshorttermapproachesto_NOBOBs_Ԁsuchas swishandspitandpartialexchange.3:#g#݌%8"($$ Ќ  "3"  3$2  4  )3  0    Evaluatetherisksposedbyresidualslopandsedimentin_NOBOBs_.3$$݌&#)$$ Ќ  "3"  3%2  5  )3  0    Evaluatethesuiteoforganismsthatarepresentin_NOBOBs_,includingrestingstagesandcysts.3%%݌l'#*$$ Ќ  "3"  3&2  6  )3  0    Assesstheeffectivenessofenvironmentallyfriendlytreatmentalternatives(e.g.,heat).3&$'݌D($+$$ Ќ  ! ! H(`O88G EvaluatingResearchProposals : Ballastwaterresearchanddevelopmentactivitiesarebeingconductedby )p&- numerouspublicandprivateentities.Ageneralconsensusisneededconcerningstandardstoguideand *L'. evaluateballastwaterresearchefforts. +$(/  Recommendations:  X-)1 ! ! I(88H"3"  3*2  1  )3  0    Facilitate realworldapplicationsofproposedtechnologiesandmanagementapproaches.3*+݌0.*2$$ Ќ  "3"  3+2  2  )3  0    Identifyissuesrelatedtotheoperationalfeasibilityofproposedtechnologies.3++,݌/+3$$ Ќ   J(*88I"3"  3-2*  3  )3  0    Developcriteriaforevaluatingresearchproposals.3--݌/\,4$$ Ќ   K(O88J AssessingHumanHealthRisksfromPathogensinBallastWater : Thepresenceofpathogensinballast  waterandthepotentialthreattopublichealthmeritsgreaterattention. `  Recommendations:   ! ! L(J88K"3"  302J  1  )3  0    Assessthenatureandscopeoftherisktopublichealthposedbypathogensinballastwater.300݌d$$ Ќ  "3"  312J  2  )3  0    AssesstheriskfromfishpathogenstoGreatLakesfisheryresources.312݌<$$ Ќ  ! ! M(O88L EstablishingBallastWaterStandards : Standards,criteriaandregulatoryguidanceforballastwater p  managementoptionsareneededtoguidepolicymakers,industryandtheresearchcommunity. L   Recommendations:   x  ! ! O(z88M"3"  3i52z  1  )3  0    Considersafety,biologicaleffectiveness,operationalfeasibility,costsandrelatedissues.3i55݌ P $$ Ќ   P(*88O"3"  372*  2  )3  0    Ensureaccountabilityandcompliancewithregulatoryrequirements.37=7݌ ( $$ Ќ  "3"  382*  3  )3  0    Developprotocolsforassessingthebiologicaleffectivenessoftreatmenttechnologiesandmanagement   approaches.38H8݌\ $$ Ќ   R(:88P"3"  392:  4  )3  0    Evaluatetheneedsofdifferentclassesofvessels.39:݌4 $$ Ќ   S(J88R"3"  3g;2J  5  )3  0    Considertheuseandeffectivenessofsecondarytreatments.3g;;݌  $$ Ќ   T(O88S EstimatingCostandEconomicImpacts : Substantialuncertaintyexistsconcerningcostsandeconomic 8 impactsofalternativeballastwatertechnologiesandmanagementpractices.However,costsmustbebalanced  againsttheimpactsofexoticspecies. p  Recommendations:    ! ! V(z88T"3"  3?2z  1  )3  0    Evaluatethetechnicalandeconomicfeasibilityofretrofittingexistingvesselsandthecostsof t incorporatingballastmanagementtechnologiesintonewvessels.3?.?݌L$$ Ќ  "3"  3@2z  2  )3  0    Documentcostsandenvironmentalimpactsfrom_nonindigenous_Ԁaquaticnuisancespecies.3@@݌$$$ Ќ  "3"  3A2z  3  )3  0    Developcriteriaforanalyzingthecostsandeconomicimpactsofballastwatermeasures.3AA݌$$ Ќ  "3"  3B2z  4  )3  0    EvaluateimpactsfromballastwaterrequirementsonGreatLakesmaritimecommerce.3B C݌X$$ Ќ  "3"  3C2z  5  )3  0    Identifyoptionstomitigateballastwatercoststotheshippingindustry.3C&D݌0$$ Ќ  "3"  3 E2z  6  )3  0    ExaminethesocialandenvironmentalcostsassociatedwiththeJonesActandcabotagelaws.3 E@E݌$$ Ќ   W(O88V ImprovingCommunication,CoordinationandCollaboration :Theballastwater communityislargeand 4 diverseandtheissuesarefluidandcomplex.Ongoingcommunicationandcoordinationamongallpartiesis   critical. l!  Recommendations:  !# ! ! X(88W"3"  3H2  1  )3  0    Communicatetheimportanceoftheballastwaterissuetoelectedofficialsandusergroups.3HH݌!p$$$ Ќ  "3"  3I2  2  )3  0    ParticipateactivelyintheInternationalMaritimeOrganizations(IMO)policyworkonballastwater "H% management.3II݌# &$$ Ќ  "3"  3$K2  3  )3  0    Buildrelationshipswiththeshippingindustryandpursuecollaborativeopportunities.3$KQK݌|$ '$$ Ќ  "3"  3CL2  4  )3  0    Utilizefacilitiesandexpertiseofuniversities,governmentlabs,etc.forevaluatingballastwater T%!( technologies.3CLpL݌,&")$$ Ќ  "3"  3M2  5  )3  0    Communicate,collaborate,coordinateandconvenetheballastwater communityonanongoingbasis.3MM݌'#*$$ Ќ  ! ! [(O88X MiscellaneousRecommendations : (0%,   \(z88[1)0  Identifyshorttermdesignrequirementsforvesselsandlongtermtargets.) &-$$ ! ! l(88\"3"  3FQ2  2  )3  0    EvaluatetheriskposedbyhullfoulingasavectorofANSintroductionsandevaluatepotentialtreatment h*&. options.3FQyQ݌@+'/$$ Ќ  "3"  3R2  3  )3  0    EvaluatetheriskofANSintroductionsfrombargesenteringtheGreatLakesfromtheIllinoisandHudson ,(0 rivers.3RR݌,l)1$$ Ќ  "3"  3S2  4  )3  0    Identify lessonslearnedfrompollutioncontroleffortsinotherareas(e.g.,pointsourcecontrols). &5%%&3ST݌ -D*2$$ Ќ    SummaryProceedingsofaSpecialSymposium:#&%% &5T#&%%&  #&%%&U# &5%%& BallastWaterManagementandAquaticNuisanceSpecies: 0 AResearchAgendafortheGreatLakes#&%% &5V#   QU V  %& fBACKGROUND   In1990,Congresspassedthe_Nonindigenous_ԀAquaticNuisancePreventionandControlAct(_P.L._Ԁ101-646)forthe  j purposeofpreventingunintentionalintroductionsof_nonindigenous_Ԁaquaticspecies;coordinatingresearch,controland  *  informationdissemination;developingandcarryingoutenvironmentallysoundcontrolmethods;minimizingeconomic n   andecologicalimpacts;andestablishingaresearchandtechnologyprogramtobenefitstategovernments.TheAct .   specificallyrecognizedtheGreatLakesasavaluableresourceand,inSection1203,calledupontheGreatLakes  j  Commission,aninterstatecompactagency,toconveneaGreatLakesPanelonAquaticNuisanceSpeciestoassista  *  nationalAquaticNuisanceSpecies(ANS)TaskForceinGreatLakes-relatedpreventionandcontrolefforts. n  TheGreatLakesPaneliscomprisedof35individualsdrawnfromU.S.andCanadianfederalagencies;theeightGreat B  LakesstatesandtheprovincesofOntarioandQuebec;regionalagencies;concernedcitizengroups;municipal   representatives;tribalauthorities;commercialinterests;andtheuniversity/researchcommunity.ThePanelisresponsible F  foridentifyingGreatLakespriorities;makingrecommendationstotheANSTaskForce;assistingtheTaskForcein  coordinatingfederalprograms;coordinatingnon-federalprogramsintheregion;advisingoncontrolefforts;andreporting B onprevention,researchandcontrolactivitiesintheGreatLakesregion.  InApril1999theGreatLakesPanelsponsoredasymposiumtitledBallastWaterManagementandAquaticNuisance Z Species:SettingaResearchAgendafortheGreatLakeswithfundingprovidedbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtection  Agency(U.S.EPA),GreatLakesNationalProgramOffice.ThesymposiumwasheldinconjunctionwiththeNinth ^ InternationalZebraMusselandAquaticNuisanceSpeciesConferenceinDuluth,MN,whichincludedadaylongsession  ofpresentationsonballastwaterresearchinitiatives.Thepurposeofthesymposiumwastoconvenepolicymakers, Z researchersandindustryrepresentativestocollectivelyassesscurrentapproachestoballastwatermanagement,identify  prospectivetechnologiesandestablishassociatedresearchpriorities.Ofspecialinterestwereresearchapproacheswith ^ particularpromiseforprovidingeffectiveandpracticablesolutionsforpreventingnewintroductionsof_nonindigenous_  aquaticnuisancespeciesviaballastwater. Z ThesymposiumgrewoutofageneralconsensusontheneedtopreventnewANSintroductionsandarecognitionthat 6! ballastwaterrepresentsthemostsignificantpathwaythroughwhichnew_nonindigenous_ԀaquaticspeciesentertheGreat r" LakesBasin.Havingidentifiedaquaticnuisancespeciesasapriorityissue,U.S.EPAsoughtguidanceonhowtobest 2# facilitateprogressontheballastwaterissue,includingpriorityapplicationsforgrantfundingallocatedtotheANSarea. v$ Thevolumeanddiversityofworkbeingconductedintheareaofballastwatermanagementandtheassociateduncertainty 6% concerningprospectivesolutionshighlightedtheneedfora researchagendatoguideU.S.EPAandotherentitiesthat r& fund,manageorconductresearchonballastwater.    2' #  f# SYMPOSIUMFINDINGSANDRECOMMENDATIONS  ")  3fTheballastwaterresearchsymposiumwasattendedbyapproximately50individualsrepresentingacrosssectionofthe d#+ policymaking,maritimeandresearchcommunities.Theagendaincludedareviewofcurrentballastwaterresearch $$ , initiativesandpanelpresentationsfromtheresearchand usercommunities.Thebulkofthesessionentailedfacilitated $`!- discussiononthefollowingtwokeyquestions: % ".  (88l"3"  3i2  1  )3  0    WhatspecificprioritiesforGreatLakesrelatedballastwaterresearchshouldbepursuedinthecontextofthe &,#0 BinationalUnitedStatesCanadianBallastWaterResearchStrategy?(Thismayincludenewareasofinvestigation p'#1 orincreasedemphasisoncurrentresearch.)3i j݌0($2$$ Ќ  "3"  3k2  2  )3  0    Howcanresearch,policymakingandfundingbebettercoordinatedtostrengthenthecollectivemanagementeffort <)%4 andhastendevelopmentandapplicationofcosteffectiveandenvironmentallysoundballastwaterpractices?3k l݌)x&5$$ Ќ  f3]gAnimportantframeworkforthesymposiumdiscussionswasprovidedbytheBinationalBallastWaterResearchStrategy, .+'7 anelementofthe199697BinationalReportonGreatLakesWaterQualitysubmittedinaccordancewiththeGreatLakes +j(8 WaterQualityAgreement.Theresearchstrategyincorporatedguidancefromresearchinitiativesembodiedinthe ,*)9 CanadianGreatLakes2000AgendaandrecommendationsfromtheMarineBoardoftheU.S.NationalAcademyof n-): Sciences.TheGreatLakesPanelendorsedthestrategyinaMarch1998policystatement.Theballastwaterresearch ..*; symposiumsoughttobuilduponthebinationalstrategybyprovidingU.S.EPAandotheragenciesandorganizations .j+< workingontheballastwaterissuewithspecificrecommendationstohelpguidethecollectiveeffort,includingpriorities /*,= forallocatingresearchfunding. n0,> ЇThefindingsandrecommendationsprovidedbelowreflecttheApril1999symposiumdiscussionsandsubsequentreview  andcommentfromsymposiumattendeesandthemembersoftheGreatLakesPanel.Withineachcategory, D recommendationsarelistedinpriorityorder,asdeterminedbytheseindividuals.Therecommendationswillbe  disseminatedasguidancetothebroadrangeofentitiesthatfund,manage,conductorutilizeballastwaterresearchwithin @ andoutsideoftheGreatLakesBasin.    fSymposiumFindings!General  X Thefollowingaregeneralfindingsfromtheballastwaterresearchsymposium. Z  9XrXX,` X9 (Ip8 "3"  3[u2I3  0 r   TheGreatLakesarepartofalargerecosystem,includingbothNorthAmericaandtheglobalenvironmentin  V  general.Asaresult,theGreatLakesarebotharecipientandasourceofANSinvasionstoandfromotherregions.    TheGreatLakesmanagementcommunitymustbeconcernednotonlyaboutwhatisenteringGreatLakes Z   ecosystembutwhatisbeingintroducedtootherecosystemswithwhichtheregionisconnected.Effectiveballast   managementstrategiesmustbeimplementedonallU.S.andCanadiancoastsand,ultimately,throughouttheworld.3[uu݌ V r$r$ Ќ  "3"  3x2I3  0 r   Theurgetoimplementsolutionstotheballastwaterproblemmustbebalancedagainsttheneedtoaddressthe   manytechnicalandeconomicuncertaintiessurroundingthetechnologiescurrentlyunderconsideration.However, Z  thegreaterthedelayinidentifyingandapplyingeffectivepreventionstrategies,thegreatertheriskthatnew   _nonindigenous_ԀspecieswillbeintroducedtotheGreatLakes.3xx݌V r$r$ Ќ  "3"  3${2I3  0 r   Potentialenvironmentalimpactsfromchemicalcontroloptionsandotherballastwatermanagementstrategiesmust  bebalancedagainstarealizationthatANSintroductionsrepresentapermanentchangetotheecosystemthatcannot Z bereversed.Whilechemicalsdegrade,exoticspeciesbecomeapermanentpartoftheecosystem.3${Q{݌r$r$ Ќ  "3"  3E}2I3  0 r   Thepotentialcostsandeconomicimpactsofballastwatertreatmentrequirementsmustbebalancedagainstthe V coststosocietyingeneralresultingfrom_nonindigenous_Ԁspecies.Ultimately,costsandbenefitsmustbecompared  alongwithoptionsforavoidingundueburden!financialorotherwise!onanyonesectorofsociety.3E}r}݌Zr$r$ Ќ  "3"  32I3  0 r   Increasedeffortisneededintheareaofappliedengineeringandlargescaletesting.Sucheffortswillbe  particularlyusefulindeterminingrealcostsandevaluatingoperationalissues.However,adequatefundingisstill V neededforbasicresearchonissuessuchasecosystemdynamicsandthebiologyandlifecycleofspecific  organisms.3݌Zr$r$ Ќ  "3"  3Ձ2I3  0 r   Sometechnologiesandmanagementapproachesmaynotbe100percenteffectivebutmaystillbeusefulin  particularcircumstancesorincombinationwithballastexchangeorothertreatmentoptions.3Ձ݌Vr$r$ Ќ  "3"  3i2I3  0 r   Theworldmarketmustbetakenintoaccountwhenconsideringonboardequipmentforballastwaterfilteringand  treatment.TheGreatLakesrepresentasmallportionoftheglobaltradeandoneofthefewmarketsthatwould Z  currentlyimposesuchequipment.3i݌!r$r$ Ќ  "3 "  3G2I3  0 r   Itwillbeimportanttoestablishlongtermtargetsthatorganizeanddirectactivities(e.g.,in30yearsallvesselswill V" bedesignedandengineeredtoaccommodatesafeandeffectiveballastexchangeorothermechanismsformanaging # ballastwater).3Gt݌Z$r$r$ Ќ  ! ! A(pO8p "3"  3Ç2pO  A  )3  0 r   AssessingtheSafety,EffectivenessandCostsofBallastExchange 3Ç݌ 'r$r$ Ќ  Findings: Ballastexchangecurrentlyistheprimarymechanismforpreventingthespreadof_nonindigenous_Ԁaquatic ") speciesviaballastwater.Whileballastexchangebyitselfisconsideredinadequateasalongtermsolution,itnonetheless "V* willcontinuetobeusedforsometimeandmayultimatelybecombinedwithothertechnologiesandmanagement # + approaches.Thus,anoutstandingneedexiststobetterunderstandtheefficacyandeffects!particularlyfromasafety Z$ , perspective!ofballastexchange,bothtosupportandprotectexistingmaritimeoperationsandtodetermineitspotentialto %!- augmentothermanagementstrategies. %V".  Recommendations:  Z'#0 ! ! D(*88A"3"  32*  1  )3  0 r   Developstandardsforthedesignandconstructionofnewshipstoensuretheycansafelyandeffectively ($1 accommodateballastexchange.3݌(T%2r$r$ Ќ  "3"  3#2*  2  )3  0 r   Developascientificallydefensible,enforceableandrealtimefieldtechniquetoenablevesseloperatorsand )&3 regulatorstoconfirmthatexchangehastakenplace.Suchatechniquemustbemoredefensiblethanthecurrent X*&4 standardrequiringsalinitylevelsof30partsperthousand.3#P݌+'5r$r$ Ќ  "3"  3.2*  3  )3  0 r   Evaluatetheeffectivenessandcostsofalternativeapproachestoexchangingballastwater,suchasflowthrough +T(6 exchange.3.[݌,)7r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32*  4  )3  0 r   Determinetheeffectsofballastexchangeondifferentclassesofshipsofvariousageandconditiontoassessthe X-)8 safetyofthepractice.Someissuestoconsider,amongothers,includedynamicstress,metalfatigue,brittlefracture .*9 andsteeltype.3݌.T+:r$r$ Ќ  XH X0,< ! ! E(O88D"3"  X 362O  B  )3  0 r   AddressingVesselswithNoBallastonBoard 36t݌r$r$ Ќ  Findings: VesselsenteringtheGreatLakesSt.LawrenceRiversysteminafullyloadedconditionwithnoballastonboard ~ (referredtoas_NOBOBs_)areamajorpriority!andaparticularlydifficultchallenge!fortheGreatLakescommunity.While @ suchvesselscontainno_pumpable_Ԁballastwater(andthusarenotrequiredtoconductanopenoceanexchange),theystill  carryresidualslopandsedimentintheirballasttanks(typicallyonetotwohundredmetrictonnes).Thisslopandthe D organicmaterialitcontainsis_resuspended_Ԁaftervesselsoffloadcargo,takeonballastwaterandmoveontotheirnextport  ofcallwheretheballastwaterisdumpedasnewcargoisloaded.Themajority!75to95percent!ofvesselsenteringthe @ GreatLakesSt.LawrenceRiversystemare_NOBOBs_,makingthisahighpriority.    Recommendations:     ! ! F(88E"3"  3]2  1  )3  0 r   Evaluatethepotentialforestablishing_shoreside_Ԁfacilitiesatcritical _chokepoints_intheGreatLakesSt.Lawrence  >  Riversystemthatcouldbeusedtotreatballastwater,including_NOBOBs_,with_biocides_Ԁorotherapproaches.    Conductaninventorytodetermineifappropriatefacilitiesalreadyexist.Amongthefactorstobeanalyzedare B  facilityrequirements(e.g.,treatmentcapacity)andthepotentiallevelofusagefromvessels.3]݌~ r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32  2  )3  0 r   Carefullyconsidertheenvironmentalimpactsof_biocides_,suchas_glutaraldehyde_,_periacetic_Ԁacidandother >  chemicals,alongwiththethreattheymayposetothehealthandsafetyofshippersonnel.Vesseloperating   conditionsandthecapabilityofcrewstosafelyadministerthesechemicalsmustbetakenintoaccount.3Н݌B r$r$ Ќ   G(88F"3"  32  3  )3  0 r   Examineshorttermapproachesto_NOBOBs_Ԁsuchas swishandspitandpartialexchange.3݌~ r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32  4  )3  0 r   Evaluateandassesstherisksposedbyresidualslopandsedimentin_NOBOBs_Ԁandtheirpotentialtointroduceand > spread_nonindigenous_Ԁaquaticspecies.3-݌r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32  5  )3  0 r   Evaluatethesuiteoforganismsthatarepresentin_NOBOBs_,includingrestingstagesandcysts.3݌Br$r$ Ќ  "3"  32  6  )3  0 r   Assesstheeffectivenessofenvironmentallyfriendlytreatmentalternatives(e.g.,heat).3(݌~r$r$ Ќ  ! ! H(`O88G"3"  3Ǧ2`O  C  )3  0 r   EvaluatingResearchProposals 3Ǧ݌Br$r$ Ќ  Findings: Researchanddevelopmentactivitiesrelatedtoballastwatermanagementarefunded,managed,orconductedby < avarietyofU.S.andCanadianagencies,foundations,industrygroups,academicinstitutionsandregionalentities.All  partieshaveaninterestinensuringthatlimitedresearchfundingisappliedinanefficientandcrediblemannerinsupportof B technologiesthatarefeasiblefromtechnical,biological,economicandsafetyperspectives.However,thevarietyof ~ availabletechnologiescombinedwithoperationalandfinancialconstraintsposeasignificantchallengeto_funders_Ԁand > regulatorswhomustallocateresourcesinsearchofpracticable,longtermsolutions.Thecollectiveeffortwillbenefitfrom   ageneralconsensusconcerningthestandardsthatresearcheffortsshouldmeetandtheirrelevancyandapplicabilitytothe B! challengeofpreventingANSintroductionsviaballastwater. ~"  Recommendations:  $ ! ! I(88H"3"  32  1  )3  0 r   Facilitateopportunitiesforshipbornedemonstrationsoftechnologiesandmanagementapproachestoprovidereal @% worldapplications.3݌ |&r$r$ Ќ  "3"  3E2  2  )3  0 r   Themaritimecommunityshoulddevelopaseriesofissuestobeconsideredwhenevaluatingtheoperational  <' feasibilityofaproposedtechnologyormanagementstrategy.Somepotentialissuesmayincludecrewsafety, !( maintenanceneeds,bypassproblems,accountability,flowrates,etc.3Er݌@")r$r$ Ќ   J(*88I"3"  <Xr` XXrX<3Ұ2*  3  )3  0 r   DevelopcriteriaforuseinevaluatingproposedGreatLakesrelatedballastwaterresearchinitiatives.Thisshould #|* includebothgeneralcriteriathatallresearchshouldmeet,aswellascriteriaspecifictotheballastwaterissue. #< + Generalcriteriamayaddressthefollowing:3Ұ;݌$ ,r$r$ Ќ  0 r !0r$r$Hasaliteraturesurveybeenconductedtoconfirmthattheprojectrespondstoanunmetneed?@%!-$$ 0 r !0r$r$Doestheprojectbuildonandsynthesizeexistingwork?&|".$$ 0 r !0r$r$Doestheprojectinvolveapartnershiporcollaborativeeffort(e.g.,suchasbetweenbiologistsandengineers)?&<#/$$  r !0  Doestheprojectinvolvesufficientscientificrigor,includingapeerreviewprocess?'#0$$  (x8J"3"  0 r 32!3  0r$r$  Willprojectresultsbeadequatelydisseminatedandpublicizedthroughestablishedscientificjournalsandother @($1 mechanisms?32݌)|%2$$ Ќ  0 r Criteriaspecificallyrelatedtoballastwatermanagementmayincludethefollowing:)<&3r$r$  (xx"3"  0 r 3S2!3  0r$r$  Willtheprojectdocumentbiologicaleffectivenessinkillingorganismsinballastwater(i.e.,developingor *&4 meetingstandardsforballastexchange)?3S݌@+'5$$ Ќ   (̄xx"3"  0 r 3H2̄!3  0r$r$  Willtheprojectidentifyandassesspotentialenvironmentalimpacts?3H݌,|(6$$ Ќ   (܄xx"3"  0 r 3ػ2܄!3  0r$r$  Doestheprojectincluderealisticcostestimates?3ػ݌,<)7$$ Ќ  "3"  0 r 3Լ2܄!3  0r$r$  Doestheprojectconsideroperationalissues,includingthesafetyoftheshipandcrew?3Լ ݌-)8$$ Ќ  "3"  0 r 32܄!3  0r$r$  Canthetechnologybemonitoredinthefieldtoensureaccountability?3/݌@.*9$$ Ќ  ! ! ((N8x  /<,; Ї! ! K(O88("3"  3a2O  D  )3  0 r   AssessingHumanHealthRisksfromPathogensinBallastWater 3a݌r$r$ Ќ  Findings: Ballastwaterhaslongbeenrecognizedasameansfortransportingpathogensandstudieshaveshownthat ~ vesselsenteringtheGreatLakesdocarrybacteriaintheirballastwater.TherelativelylowtemperaturesintheGreatLakes @ reduce,butdonoteliminate,theriskofadversepublichealthimpactsfrompathogensinballastwater.Inaddition,faulty  marinesanitationdevices,particularlyamongthirdparty(nonU.S.orCanadian)vessels,canpotentiallycontribute D untreatedorinadequatelytreatedsewagetotheGreatLakes.Becauseofthepotentialthreattopublichealth,thepresence  andimpactsofpathogensinballastwatermeritsgreaterattention. @  Recommendations:  D   ! ! L(J88K"3"  3e2J  1  )3  0 r   Assessthenatureandscopeoftherisktopublichealthposedbypathogensinballastwater.Moreandbetter  ~  informationontheissueisneeded.Ports,inparticular,areaccountabletotheirsurroundingcommunitiestoensure  >  ballastwaterdischargesandrelatedmaritimeoperationsdonotthreatenpublichealthandsafety.3e݌  r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32J  2  )3  0 r   FishpathogensinballastwatermayalsothreatenGreatLakesfisheryresources,includingpathogenscarriedby B  speciesthatmayalreadybeestablishedintheGreatLakes.Ariskassessmentisneededonthisissueandimproved ~  knowledgegenerally.3݌> r$r$ Ќ  ! ! M(O88L"3"  3*2O  E  )3  0 r   EstablishingStandardsandCriteriaforEvaluatingBallastManagementTechnologiesandTheir ~  Implementation 3*Z݌<r$r$ Ќ  Findings: Perhapsthegreatestchallengefacingthecommunityofstakeholdersinvolvedintheballastwaterissueis > identifyingprospectivetechnologies,treatmentsystemsandmanagementstrategiesandexploringtheseoptionsina | coordinated,efficientandtimelymanner.Thischallengeiscompoundedbythemanyoptionsunderconsideration;the < uncertaintysurroundingtheirpotentialeffectiveness,costsandoperationalfeasibility;themultitudeofpartiesinvolved;and  thelackofclearregulatoryguidanceoragreeduponperformancestandards.Whileitrepresentsadauntingtask, @ establishingstandardsandcriteriaforevaluatingballastwatermanagementoptionswillprovidecriticalguidanceanda | commongoalorframeofreferenceforpolicymakers,industryandtheresearchcommunity. <  Recommendations:  @ ! ! O(z88M"3"  32z  1  )3  0 r   Thesafetyoftheshipandcrewisaprimaryconcernandmustbeexplicitlyaddressedwhenconsideringproposed z treatmenttechnologiesormanagementapproaches.Safetymustnotbeanexcuseforinaction,however.Ultimately, : vesselsmustbeupdated,asneeded,tomeetnewstandards.3/݌~ r$r$ Ќ   P(*88O"3"  32*  2  )3  0 r   Developasystemofaccountabilitytoensurethatallvesselscomplywithapplicableballastmanagement >! requirementsandthat badactorsarenotabletogetawaywith!andwillbeheldliablefor!inadequatetreatmentof z" ballastwater.Aspartofthissystem,fieldtoolsandtechniques,andsufficientmonitoringandenforcement,are :# neededtoenablevesseloperatorsandregulatorstoconfirmthattreatmenthasbeenconductedinacomplete,timely ~$ andeffectivemanner.3݌>%r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32*  3  )3  0 r   Treatmentsystemsthatinvolvetheuseofsyntheticchemicalsmeritextendedanalysisinordertofullyunderstand z& potentialriskstocrewmembersandtheenvironment.Downstreamimpactsfromchemicalapplicationsandtheir  :' potentialto_bioaccumulate_Ԁintheecosystemareextremelyseriousissuesthatmustbefullyexploredbeforetheyare ~!( acceptedforuseintheGreatLakes.3݌>")r$r$ Ќ  "3"  302*  4  )3  0 r   Giventhatexistinglegalauthoritiesarelimitedintheirabilitytoinfluenceshipdesignandhavegreaterpotentialto "z* compeltreatmentofballastwaterdischarges,onshoretreatmentwarrantsconsiderationasonecomponentofa #: + legal/regulatoryregime.30]݌~$ ,r$r$ Ќ  "3"  3!2*  5  )3  0 r   Establishstandardsforproposedballastwatertechnologiesandmanagementstrategiestoguideresearchers,vessel >%!- operatorsandthebroadermaritimecommunity.Suchstandardsmustconsiderawidearrayoffactors,including %z". biologicaleffectiveness,technical/operationalfeasibility,safety,andcosts,amongothers.Theviewsofall &:#/ stakeholdersinvolvedintheballastwaterissuemustbeconsideredines_tablishing_Ԁsuchstandards.3!N݌~'#0r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32*  6  )3  0 r   Evaluatethefeasibilitythatproposedtechnologiesandtreatmentsystemscanbeoperatedandmaintainedunder >($1  realworldconditionsthataccountforcrewsafetyandcapabilities,operatingconditionsandotherfactors.3(݌(z%2r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32*  7  )3  0 r   Developstandard,agreeduponassaysorprotocolsforscreeningthebiologicaleffectivenessoftreatment ):&3 technologiesandmanagementapproaches.Suchprotocolsmayvaryfromoneregiontoanotherandshouldconsider ~*&4 theuniqueenvironmentalconditionsintheGreatLakes.3݌>+'5r$r$ Ќ   R(:88P"3"  3>2:  8  )3  0 r   Evaluatewhetherdifferentclassesofvesselsmayrequireorbenefitfromdifferenttechnologiesandmanagement +z(6 approachesbasedontheirstructure,operatingconditions,crewcapabilitiesandotherfactors.Forexample,_shoreside_ ,:)7 treatmentmaybeafeasibletreatmentoptionforcertaintypesofshipswithcertainoperatingpatterns.3>k݌~-)8r$r$ Ќ   S(J88R"3"  32J  9  )3  0 r   Considertheuseandeffectivenessofsecondarytreatments.3L݌>.*9r$r$ Ќ   /:,; _ԇ! ! T(O88 S"3"  32O  F  )3  0 r   EstimatingCostsandEconomicImpacts 3݌r$r$ Ќ  _ Findings: Substantialuncertaintyexistsconcerningthepotentialcostsandassociatedeconomicimpactsofalternative ~ technologies,managementpracticesandregulatoryregimesforpreventingANSintroductionsviaballastwater.Relatively @ littleseriousanalysishasbeenconductedonthe realworldcostsofalternativetechnologiesandtheirimplicationsforthe  economicsoftheGreatLakesmaritimeindustry.Potentialcoststotheshippingcommunity,however,mustbebalanced D againstthecostsofANSinvasionstotheecosystem,andthehealthandsocioeconomicwellbeingofothergroupsand  societyingeneral.Ultimately,thecostsofalternativeballastwatermeasuresshouldbeconsideredseparatelyfromwho @ willpayforthem.Costsmaydiffersignificantlydependingonvaryingscenariosandcreativemechanismsmayexistto   avoidanunduefinancialburdenontheshippingindustry.Togetherwithbiologicaleffectivenessandtechnicalfeasibility, D   theseissuesmustbeconsideredinidentifyingpracticable,longtermsolutionstotheballastwaterchallenge.    ! ! V(z88T"3"  32z  1  )3  0 r   Evaluatethetechnicalandeconomicfeasibilityofretrofittingexistingvessels,particularlybulkvesselsoperatingin   theGreatLakes,aswellasthecostsofincorporatingballastmanagementtechnologiesintonewvessels.3݌D r$r$ Ќ  "3"  3R2z  2  )3  0 r   Documentthecostsandenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwith_nonindigenous_Ԁaquaticnuisancespeciessotheycan   bebalancedagainstthepotentialcostsofballastwatermeasures.3R݌@ r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32z  3  )3  0 r   Developagreeduponstandardsandcriteriaforanalyzingthecostsandeconomicimpactsofballastwater   technologiesandmanagementapproachestoguideresearchers,policymakers,regulatorsandvesseloperatorsin D  assessingcompetingoptions.3.݌ r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32z  4  )3  0 r   ExaminetradepatternsintheGreatLakesandevaluatethepotentialeconomicandfinancialimpactsofballastwater @ measuresinlightofvaryingvesseltypes,commoditiesandalternatetransportationmodes.Specifically,consider  modalelasticityintheregionaltransportationsystemandthepotentiale_ffects_ԀofballastwaterrequirementsonGreat D Lakesmaritimecommerce,regionaleconomiesandtheenvironment.3݌r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32z  5  )3  0 r   Examinethecoststotheshippingindustryifallshipshadtostopatacertainpointforballastwatertreatment.3݌@r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32z  6  )3  0 r   Identifyandevaluateoptionsformitigatingthefinancialburdenofballastwaterrequirementstotheshipping  industrythroughtaxcredits,federalfunding,orothermechanisms.3݌Dr$r$ Ќ  "3"  3x2z  7  )3  0 r   ExaminethesocialandenvironmentalcostsassociatedwiththeJonesActandcabotagelaws.3x݌r$r$ Ќ  ! ! W(O88V"3"  3F2O  G  )3  0 r   ImprovingCommunication,CoordinationandCollaboration 3Fv݌Dr$r$ Ќ   Findings: PreventingANSintroductionsviaballastwaterinvolvesamultitudeoftechnical,biologicalandeconomic > variablesthatultimatelyimpactorrequiretheinvolvementofnumerousagencies,institutionsandprivatesectorentities.   Thebinational(U.S.Canadian)andmultilateral(InternationalMaritimeOrganization)dimensionsfurthercomplicate D! matters,aswellastheuncertaintythatsurroundsmanycriticalfactors(e.g.,costs,performancestandards,etc.).Insucha " fluidandcomplexenvironment,ongoingcommunication,coordinationandcollaborationamongtheaffectedstakeholdersis @# criticaltoensuringaneffective,efficient!andultimatelysuccessful!responsetothemanagementchallenge.Inmostcases, $ sucheffortscanbepursuedwithinthecontextofmechanismsandstructuresthatalreadyexistwithinandoutsideofthe D% GreatLakesBasin.Therecommendationsbelowshouldbeviewedasongoingprocessestobeintegrated,inoneformor  & another,intotheworkprogramsofallentitiesinvolvedintheballastwaterissue.  @'  Recommendations:  D") ! ! X(88W"3"  32  1  )3  0 r   Communicatewithelectedofficialsontheimportanceoftheballastwaterissueingeneralandspecificresearch #~* priorities.Continueadvocacyeffortsandcultivatepolitical championstoadvocateonbehalfofresearchfunding #> + andrelatedneedswithinthelegislativeandappropriationsprocess.3,݌$ ,r$r$ Ќ  "3"  3 2  2  )3  0 r   TheGreatLakesregion,andtheU.S.andCanadagenerally,shouldparticipateactivelyintheInternationalMaritime B%!- Organizations(IMO)policyworkonballastwatermanagement.TheIMOcanbearepositoryforballastwater &~". researchbeingconductedaroundtheworldandamechanismforcommunicatingresearchfindingswiththe &>#/ maritime/shippingcommunity.Aspartofthisprocess,consensusshouldbereachedassoonaspossibleonstandards '#0 andcriteriaforevaluatingproposedballastwatertreatmentoptions.3 M݌B($1r$r$ Ќ  "3"  3>2  3  )3  0 r   Buildrelationshipswiththeshippingindustryandpursueopportunitiesforagencies,researchersandindustryentities )~%2 toworkcollaborativelyontheballastwaterissue.Encourageparticipationfromallsectorsoftheshippingindustry )>&3 toavoiddisproportionatecoststotheGreatLakesshippingindustrythatarenotsharedbyotherregionsofthe *&4 country.3>k݌B+'5r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32  4  )3  0 r   Developnetworksandmechanisms,particularlythroughtheInternet,thatensuretimelyandeffectivedissemination ,~(6 ofinformationandresearchresultsontheballastwaterissue.However,ensurethatinformationandresearchresults ,>)7 arecredibleandmeetacceptedstandardsofquality.3݌-)8r$r$ Ќ  "3"  3 2  5  )3  0 r   InformconstituentgroupsofhowtheyareaffectedbytheANSissueandensuretheyunderstandtheroleplayedby B.*9  ballastwater.Communicateresearchresultsandshowaccountabilityfortheresourcesbeingspentontheeffort. /~+: Encourageresourceuserstoadvocateforadequatefundingandpolicyguidancefromstateandfederalgovernments.  Grassrootssupportwillbecriticaltoensuringcontinuedattentionontheissue.3  ݌Dr$r$   "3"  3| 2  6  )3  0 r   Conveneregularmeetingsandconferencestobringtogethertheregulatory,maritimeandresearchcommunitiesto  discussandcoordinatedevelopmentsintheareaofballastwaterresearch.3|  ݌@r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32  7  )3  0 r   Broadlypublicizetheballastwaterresearchstrategytothefullarrayofentitiesinvolvedorinterestedintheissue  andseekformalrecognitionofitfromtheU.S.andCanadiangovernmentstoensuretheproperconnectionbetween D fundingandpolicymaking.3@݌r$r$ Ќ  "3"  32  8  )3  0 r   Utilizetheresourcesandexpertiseofuniversitiesandgovernmentslabsinevaluatingballastwatertreatment @ technologies.Theseinstitutionsusuallydonothaveastakeinaparticulartechnologyandcanserveasaneutral   brokerincomparingcompetingoptions.33݌D  r$r$ Ќ   Y(88X"3"  32  9  )3  0 r   Evaluateexistingballastwaterpoliciesandprogramsandclarifytherolesandresponsibilitiesofgovernment    agenciesandprivatesectorpartnerstoensurepropermanagementandcoordinationofthecollectiveeffort.3݌ @ r$r$ Ќ   Z(8 8 Y"3 "  32  10  )3  0 r   Identifyfacilitiesthatcanbeusedforlargescaletestingofproposedtechnologies.Fishhatcheries,forexample,   mayprovidethetypeofinfrastructureneededforrealistictestingoftreatmentoptions.3݌D r$r$ Ќ  "3 "  3g2  11  )3  0 r   Establishanemaillistserveronballastwatertofacilitateinteractionandcommunicationamongpeopleworkingon   orinterestedintheissue.3g݌@ r$r$ Ќ  "3 "  32  12  )3  0 r   Pursueandexploitpartnershipswithhightechindustriesthatmayproducesolutionstotheballastwaterproblem.3݌ r$r$ Ќ  "3 "  32  13  )3  0 r   EstablishANSpanelsfortheEastCoast,theGulfofMexicoandotherappropriateregionstocoordinateregional D  responsestotheANSissuesimilartothevaluableworkbeingconductedbytheGreatLakesandWesternRegional   Panels.TogetherwiththenationalANSTaskForce,thesepanelsshouldcoordinateregionalballastwatereffortsto @ ensureeffectiveexchangeofinformation,avoidduplicationofeffort,andpursuepartnershipsandcollaborative  initiatives.3=݌Dr$r$ Ќ  ! ! [(O88 Z"3"  32O  H  )3  0 r   MiscellaneousRecommendations 3݌r$r$ Ќ   (Ip8[  \(z8p"3"  32z  9  )3  0 r   Determinewhetherbaselinedesignrequirementscanbeidentifiedintheshorttermandincorporatedintonewships ~ andconsidersettingatargetdateafterwhichallnewshipsmustincorporatedesignsandtechnologiesthatcanbe > usedtopreventANSintroductionsviaballastwater.3݌r$r$ Ќ  "3 "  3 2z  10  )3  0 r   DeterminetheriskposedbyhullfoulingasavectorofANSintroductionsandevaluatepotentialtreatmentoptions.3  ݌Br$r$ Ќ  "3 "  3!2z  11  )3  0 r   EvaluatetheriskposedbybargesoperatingontheMississippiRiverandenteringtheGreatLakesviatheIllinois ~ RiverandHudsonRivercanal.3!"݌>r$r$ Ќ  "3 "  3X#2z  12  )3  0 r   Reviewthehistoryofpollutioncontroleffortsinotherareas(e.g.,pointsourcecontrols)andidentifythe lessons   learnedfromtheirtechnologydevelopmentprograms,includingtheroleplayedbygovernmentsubsidies.